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UNIT 7 ECONOMIC REFORMS

L Circle the word with the underlined letter(s) pronounced differently from that/ those of the others in each group.

• 1. Complete each of the sentences with an appropriate verb from the box.

dominate shifted undergone reform initiated reaffirmed subsidized eliminated intervene dissolved

• • 1. During the recession many small companies were .
    2. Getting this job has effectively his financial worries.
    3. There were a lot of proposals to the social security system.
    4. The government has its attention away from the fight against crime.
    5. Don’t allow the computer to our child’s life.
    6. The senator that she would support our proposal.
    7. The bridge has in two weeks.a series of modifications and will be re-opened
    8. The government has a program me of economic reform.
    9. All renewable forms of energy should be by the government
    10. The police had to when protesters blocked traffic.

Complete each of the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.

• • 1. The committee recommended the_ of new safety procedures, (adopt)
    2. The Prime Minister made a firm to increasing spending on health, (commit)
    3. Before Doi Moi the economy of our country was under agriculture . (dominate)
    4. The old house, which is in poor condition, is in need of (renovate)
    5. The level of; given to farmers is to be reduced, (subsidize)
    6. Poor economic policies led to a long period of and decline. (stagnate)
    7. He claimed that the state had a special right of in company affairs, (intervene)
    8. Wages are not keeping pace with v. (inflate)
    9. Lack of had led a decline in public services, (invest)

10 . Viet Nam is one of the fastest growing in Southeast Asia, (economize)

1. Before the implementation of the Doi Moi policy, the people in that region had to suffer severe . (employ)
2. Loans from the World Bank stimulate economic . (grow)
3. An ' heating system costs you more money to run and maintain, (efficient)

Underline the correct word or phrase. Both answers may be correct.

• • 1. Although / In spite of we left late, we still got there in time.
    2. It was a fantastic evening although / in spite of the terrible food.
    3. We have decided to go in spite of / despite the cost of the tickets.
    4. They enjoyed the course, although / because it was very difficult.
    5. I love the sea though/ whereas most of my friends prefer the mountains.
    6. Larry's in a good shape physically even though be/cause he gets a lot of exercise.
    7. Despite/ Although the fact that Reid failed to score himself, he helped Jones to score two goals.
    8. Confident as/ though she felt, she knew the examination would not be easy.
    9. The driver stopped to let on more passengers even though / because the bus was already full.
    10. Because of / In spite of heavy fog at the airport, we had to stay in London an extra day.
    11. Experienced though / although the climbers were, they had never faced such severe conditions before.
    12. She has done very well in her job despite / because of her lack of education.
    13. English became the official language for business in spite of/ though the fact that the population was largely Chinese.
    14. Despite/ Although having to cope with three small children, she is taking a part-time MBA course.
    15. Because/ Although my country is located in a subtropical area, the weather is quite hot.

Match the ideas in A and C and use the word in B to write either a single sentence or two sentences as appropriate.

10. 1. Fill in the gap with even though/ although/ though, despite/ in spite of, because, because of.
       1. The council had to withdraw its plan to close the swimming pool opposition.local
       2. Jack hadn’t heard or read about the murder it was on the from page of every newspaper.
       3. Jack lost his job he never showed up for work on time.
       4. She managed to get there' she didn’t have a map like the others.
       5. the hurricane was moving directly toward the town all residents were advised to move inland.
       6. .his poor eyesight John has to sit in the front row in class..
       7. He never smiles at me or speaks to me the many efforts I have made to be friendly.
       8. I have a master’s degree in business administration, I can’t fill out my tax form.
       9. My lecture notes were incomplete the instructor talked too fast.

10 her obvious intelligence, she finds it difficult to express her ideas in writing.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

• • 1. Although she was frightened, she forced herself to pick up the snake.

Frightened

• • 1. Although he ate a big lunch, he had a three-course meal in the evening.

In spite

• • 1. We all have received the best of everything because our parents are generous.

Because of

• • 1. In spite of all our warnings, he left camp without taking his rifle.

Although

• • 1. Although the play received good notices, not many people went to see it.

Despite the fact

• • 1. The villagers refuse to leave even though their food supply is threatened.

Despite

• • 1. Despite his ungainly air he is remarkably agile.

Although

• • 1. Although Richard is competent in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client. Competent
    2. While I strongly disapprove of your behaviour, I will help you this time.

Despite my

• • 1. John succeeded in his exam because of his hard and methodical work.

Because

• • 1. We live in the same street, but we hardly ever see each other.

Despite

• • 1. Despite her severe disability Judy participated in many sports.

Although

• • 1. I don’t know whether Tom can speak Spanish or hot, but I think he should still visit Madrid.

Even if

• • 1. It’s sad, but unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.

Sad

• • 1. In spite of their good game, the team lost.

Despite the fact

TEST 1

PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from that of the others.

• • • 1. LANGUAGE FOCUS

1. Choose the one word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences or substitutes for the underlined part.
2. Everybody should be made aware the risks involved.
   1. on b. in c. for d. of
3. The recent economic crisis has brought _.a slump in world trade.
   1. about b. in c. over d. out
4. The government is aiming 50% reduction in unemployment
   1. to b. at c. on d. for
5. Sport is sometimes used by governments as a tool of foreign .
   1. policy b. political c. politics d. politician
6. The President has his commitment to the peace process.
   1. reargued b. reenacted c. reaffirmed d. reminded
7. The government made serious attempts to raise the of living.
   1. standard b. cost c. level d. mode
8. The police have asked for the of the public in tracing the whereabouts of the escaped convict.
   1. partnership b. co-operation c. association d. alliance .
9. The government shifted economic priority from heavy industry to three major economic programmes.
   1. moved b. continued c. changed d. encouraged
10. The government introduced a wage freeze so that might be brought under control.
    1. renovation b. economy c. inflation d. development
11. A strike in the mining industry is threatening to bring about a shortage of coal in the near future.
    1. redundant b. ruin c. storage d. lack

Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences.

1. Most people you meet will be polite to you you are to polite to them.
   1. because b. if c. although d. whereas

17. you were all sitting at your desks working hard last week, we were

sitting on the plane bound for Hawaii.

a. Despite b. Although c. While d. Whenever

1. Doctors’ salarieshave risen substantially, nurses’pay has actually fallen,
   1. however b. since c. despite d. whereas
2. He refused to give up work, he’s won a million pounds.
   1. despite b- however c. even though d. as though
3. he had no money for a bus, he had to walk all the way home.
   1. Although b. Because c. While d. When
4. an accident in the High Street, traffic is moving every slowly on the London Road.
   1. Despite b. Because c. Since d. Because of
5. the wet weather, the football match went ahead.
   1. Although b. Owing to c. But for d. In spite of
6. the rise in unemployment people still seem to be spending more.
   1. Nevertheless b. Due to c. Despite d. Although

24. I’d like to go to Thailand, it’s by no means the only country in the world I want to see.

a. as b. while c. yet d. since

25. There’s no danger in using this machinery you adhere the safely regulations.

a. because b. in case c. although d. as long as

1. it was getting late, I decided I should go home.
   1. As b. Although c. While d. Due to
2. she studied every day, she didn’t grasp the concepts presented.
   1. Since b. Though c. Because d. If
3. I felt a lot fitter all the exercise I was doing.
   1. because of b. despite c. owing to d. but for
4. He got an excellent grade in his exam the fact that he had not worked

particularly hard.

• 1. even though b. due to c. because of d. in spite of

1. a duck lives on water, it stays dry the oil on its feathers, which

prevent water from rea ching its skin.

• 1. Even though - because of b. although - despite

c. Because - in spite of d. If - because of

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Disgusting although it looked, it was actually quite tasty.

A B C D

1. Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in our large.

A B C D

industrial cities today.

1. During a depression, economic conditions are far worst than they are A B C D

during a recession.

1. Economical reform is the most important measure to be taken to promote A B C

the development of a country.

D

1. Some people think Harry succeeded in business in spite of his charming

A B C

personality rather than his business skills.

D

READING

1. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.

laws agricultural reforms adoption private abolished domestic ownership

The agricultural (36) in Vietnam is one of the redeeming features of the economic reforms. In the year 1981, the government in Vietnam adopted the contracting system pertaining to products. This was followed by the (37) of yet another contracting system pertaining to household. With the introduction of Land Law in the year 1993, all the faulty cooperatives were (38) . The farmers enjoyed title rights to the

tillable land. They could also decide as to how their (39) land could be best used.

The Vietnamese government focussed on research and development in the agricultural sector.

(40) investment as well as foreign investment has been instrumental in bringing about Vietnam economic reform. The government supports the (41) sector and to

this effect the Civil Code has been executed to give recognition to individual (42) .

Several ordinances as well as (43) have been passed to encourage the same.

Read the passage carefully, decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F), and then answer the questions.

From 1975 till the major economic reforms of 1986, Vietnam followed socialist policies of high command economy and political centralization, extending the collectivization of agriculture to South Vietnam and nationalizing of all economic and industrial enterprises including foreign enterprises. Between 1980 and 1985, the government adopted half-hearted liberal measures including family-based contract systems and promoting state-private joint enterprises. The economic stagnation continued until 1986 when the proponents, within the Vietnamese Communist Party, of economic liberalization along the lines followed by China came to power; The new policy, styled doi moi (politics of renovation) led to the abandonment of centralized planning in favor 'of decision-making by factory managers in terms of equipment, production targets, and sources of finance. The doi moi policies registered spectacular economic gains in the growth in GDP, in savings and investment rates, and exports. They brought in large amounts of foreign investment, liberalized the banking structure, and made the currency stable. These measures, among others, led to the lifting of the economic embargo by the United States and made loans and grants by the IMF, World Bank, and Western donors possible.

True or false?

1. From 1975 to 1985, the Vietnamese economy was not growing or developing.
2. Vietnam economic reform, which was referred as Doi Moi, was implemented in the years between 1980 and 1985.
3. Before Doi Moi, the economy of Vietnam was characterized by collective ownership and central planning.
4. China followed Vietnam’s example by reforming the economy.
5. The Doi Moi policies brought about dramatic changes in the Vietnamese economy.

Answer the questions.

1. When was Doi Moi officially initiated?
2. What were the achievements 'of Vietnam economic reform?

WRITING

From the words or phrases - a, b, c or d - choose the one that best completes the sentences.

1. We soon had them all playing football together ;
   1. due to their initial objections b. despite their initial objections

c. though we initially objected them d. but they initially objected us.

1. think of metallurgy as a modern field of science, but it is actually

one of the oldest.

• 1. Although many people b. In spite of many people

c. Because many people d. Many people

1. will Mr. Forbes be able to regain control of the company.
   1. With hard work b. Only with hard work

c. Only if he worked hardly d. In spite of his hard work

1. he felt so unhappy and lonely.
   1. Rich as he was b. Rich as was he

c. He was rich though d. As he was so rich

1. Although she has saved for a long time, .
   1. and she can afford that house
   2. so she can afford that house
   3. but she is not able to afford that house
   4. she is not able to afford that house.

TEST 2

PRONUNCIATION

1. Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

1. Choose the word that has the main stress placed different from that of the others.

10. a administrative b. productivity c. agricultural d. economic

LANGUAGE FOCUS

A. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence.

1. We are committed supporting democracy and reform in the region.
   1. in b. of c. to d. for
2. Their aim is to set. a new political party.
   1. for b. up c. on d. in
3. Economic reforms should be • constantly in order to promote the development of a country.
   1. carried out b. put out c. turned up d. taken up
4. The government new economic policies aimed at halting economic recession.
   1. committed b. reduced c. shifted d. adopted
5. Vietnam economic reform did not support the state in business.
   1. renovation b. intervention c. development d. investment
6. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their to economic liberalization.
   1. commitment b. comment c. command d. compliment
7. The government devalued the currency to try to revive the economy,
   1. stable b. developed c. stagnant d. dynamic
8. of recent political developments he was taken by surprise on his arrival in the capital.
   1. Unexpected b. Unheard c. Unaware d. Unknown
9. With the of “Doi Moi”, Vietnam has managed to arrest the economic

backsliding of the 1980s.

• 1. competition b. implementation c. introduction d. dissolution

1. The government introduced a number of measures to implement Doi Moi.
   1. renovation b. stagnation c. adoption d. promotion
2. The country’s annual of coffee beans has increased each year since 1977.
   1. ration b. growth c. outcome d. production
3. The contract was rendered by this careless wording.
   1. effective b. efficient c. inefficient d. ineffective
4. The government cut spending through reductions in state to industry,
   1. benefit b. taxes c. subsidies d. intervention
5. The country’s infrastructure is crumbling because of investment.
   1. enormous b. inadequate c. substantial d. worthwhile
6. The President has called for massive investment to rebuild the country’s _.
   1. economic b. economics c. economical d. economy

Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences^

1. Reforms went through opposition from teachers.
   1. because of b. in spite of c. due to d. but for
2. we dislike him, he’s efficient and we can’t dismiss him.
   1. Much though b. As much c. Much d. Although much as
3. some languages have 30 or more different vowel sounds, others have five or less.
   1. Although b. Whereas c. When d. Since

29. the Asian crisis, the company’s profits fell by 15% during 1997.

1. Because of b. Because c. In spite of d. Even though
2. She notified security by telephone she heard something suspicious going on in the elevator.
   1. although b. when c. because of d. so

31 the auditor went over the books several times, he was still unable

to find the error.

1. Despite b. While c. Since d. Although
2. The price of fruit has increased recently the price of vegetables has gone down.
   1. during b. whether c. whereas d. otherwise
3. We have less money to spend budget cuts.
   1. due to b. despite c. because d. for

34 he didn’t attend English courses, he spoke English so well.

1. Because b. However c. Although d. Despite
2. We went up to the top floor we could see the view over the city.
   1. so that b. although c. as . d. now that
3. a disabled girl, Jane was quite confident the first moment she practiced this sport.
   1. Although b. Despite c. While d. Because of
4. I’m going to make an early start not to get stuck in the traffic.
   1. so that b. in spite of c. in order d. due to
5. get older, the games they play become increasingly complex.
   1. Although children b. Children, when they

c. As children d. For children to

1. what you said last night, I still love you.
   1. Despite b. Even though c. Even if d. Since
2. Some people protest certain commercial fishing operations dolphins,

considered to be highly intelligent mammals, are killed unnecessarily.

• 1. despite b. although c. because d. because of

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Like other women pioneered in the field of medicine, Sara Mayo found A B

the beginning years difficult.

C D

1. Despite of the rise in unemployment, people still seem to be spending more.

A B C D

1. Please make the dishes tonight after dinner so they don’t pile up in the sink.

A B C D

1. Having withdrawn from the race, the candidate decided supporting his A B

opponent despite the opponents representing the other political party.

C D

1. Although this car appears to be manufactured by a different company, A B

it has the same body style, size, and perform as that one.

C D

READING

1. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

In 1986 Vietnam (46) a political and economic innovation campaign (Doi Moi) that introduced reforms intended to facilitate the transition from a centralized economy to a “socialist-oriented market economy.” Doi Moi combined government planning with free- market incentives. The program abolished agricultural (47) , removed price controls on agricultural goods, and enabled farmers to sell their goods in the marketplace. It encouraged the establishment of private businesses and foreign investment, including foreign-owned (48) .

By the late 1990s, the success of the business and agricultural (49) ushered in under Doi Moi was evident. More than 30,000 private businesses had been (50) , and the economy was growing at an annual rate of more than 7 percent. From the early 1990s

to 2005, poverty (51) from about 50 percent to 29 percent of the population.

However, progress varied geographically, with most prosperity concentrated in urban areas, (52) in and around Ho Chi Minh City. In general, rural areas also made progress, as

rural households (53) in poverty declined from 66 percent of the total in 1993 to 36 percent in 2002. (54) contrast, concentrations of poverty remained in (55)

rural areas, particularly the northwest, north-central coast, and central highlands.

1. a. adopted b. launched c. produced d. maintained
2. a. collectives b. coordinates c. combinations d. corporations.
3. a. formations b. creations c. enterprises d. renovations
4. a. recessions b. depressions c. renews d. reforms
5. a. created b. found c. owned d. carried
6. a. increased b. declined c. raised d. eliminated
7. a. generally b. specially c. particularly d. hardly
8. a. living b. lived c. live d. to live
9. a. With b. On c. For d. By
10. a. stable b. certain c. definite d. unnamed

Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer.

The July 13, 2000, signing of the Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) between the U.S. and Vietnam was a significant milestone for Vietnam’s economy. The BTA provided for Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status of Vietnamese goods in the U.S. market. Access to the

U.S. market will allow Vietnam to hasten its transformation into a manufacturing-based, export-oriented economy. It would also concomitantly attract foreign investment to Vietnam,

not only from the U.S., but also from Europe, Asia, and other regions.

On January 11, 2007, Vietnam became WTO’s 150th member, after 11 years of preparation, including 8 years of negotiation. Vietnam’s access to WTO should provide an important boost to Vietnam’s economy and should help to ensure the continuation of liberalizing reforms and create options for trade expansion. However,. WTO accession also brings serious challenges, requiring Vietnam’s economic sectors to open the door to increased foreign competition.

Although Vietnam’s economy, which continues to expand at an annual rate in excess of 7 percent, is one of the fastest growing in the world, the economy is growing from an extremely low base, reflecting the crippling effect of the Second Indochina War (1954-75) and repressive economic measures introduced in its aftermath. Whether rapid economic growth is sustainable is open to debate. The government may not be able to follow through with plans to scale back trade restrictions and reform state-owned enterprises. Reducing trade restrictions and improving transparency are keys to gaining full membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), as hoped by mid-2006. The government plans to reform the state-owned sector by partially privatizing thousands of state-owned enterprises, including all five state-owned commercial banks.

1. According to the passage, the Bilateral Trade Agreement .
   1. helped to expand Vietnam’s export markets
   2. helped to improve the quality of Vietnamese goods
   3. brought about a complete transformation in Vietnam’s economy
   4. normalized the diplomatic relations between the U.S and Vietnam
2. WTO accession _ .
   1. creates difficulties for private enterprises of Vietnam
   2. has been a major boost for Vietnam’s economy
   3. reaffirms the primacy of the state
   4. implements an open-door policy for foreign investors.
3. The word ‘crippling in the last paragraph means .
   1. destructive b. major c. dramatic d. remarkable
4. How can the government reform the state-owned sector?
   1. By reducing state intervention in business.
   2. By eliminating government subsidies.
   3. By privatizing state-owned enterprises.
   4. By including commercial banks.
5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
   1. Vietnam’s economy is growing at an anual rate of 7 percent.
   2. The BTA opened the door to increased international trade.
   3. That rapid economic growth is sustainable can not be certain.
   4. The government plans to nationalize commercial banks.

WRITING

Choose the sentences - a, b, c or d - which is closest in meaning to the printed one.

1. John applied for the job even though he has no experience in the field.
   1. John didn’t apply for the job if he had experience in the field.
   2. Because of his inexperience in the field, John didn’t apply for the job.
   3. John was unable to apply for the job because he was inexperienced in the field.
   4. In spite of his inexperience in the field, John applied for the job.
2. Some people will go to any lengths to lose weight.
   1. Some people haven’t lost any weight for a long time.
   2. Some people will do anything to lose weight.
   3. It takes some people a long time to lose weight.
   4. Some people find it hard to lose weight.
3. The project received the unanimous approval of the committee.
   1. A few members of the committee approved of the project.
   2. Many members of the committee approved of the project.
   3. The whole committee wasn’t in favor of the project.
   4. The whole committee was in favor of the project.
4. If interest rates are cut, the economic situation may improve.
   1. There’s no doubt that the economic situation will improve as a result of the reduction in interest rates.
   2. The economic situation may improve if we increase the interest rates.
   3. The economic situation won’t be better if interest rates are cut.
   4. A reduction of interest rates may improve the economic situation.
5. Much as I respect your point of view, I can’t agree. -
   1. I can’t agree because I respect your point of view.
   2. I respect your point of view, so I agree.
   3. Even though I respect your point of view, I can’t agree.
   4. I can’t agree with your point of view even if I respect you.

ĐÁP ÁN

I.

II.

1. dissolved
2. eliminated
3. reform
4. shifted
5. dominate

6. reaffirmed

7. undergone

8. initiated

9. subsidized

10. intervene

11. inefficient

III.

1. adoption
2. commitment
3. domination
4. renovation

5. subsidy

6. stagnation

7. intervention

8. inflation

1. investment
2. economies

11. unemployment

12. growth

IV.

1. Although

2. in spite of

3. in spite of/ despite

4. although

1. whereas

6. because

7. despite

8. as/ though

9. even though

10Because of

11. Though

12. despite

13. in spite of

14. despite

1. 1. I knew there was something wrong even though/ although she said she was feeling fine.
2. I have to study four hours every day because of the difficulty of my course.
3. He always worked hard whereas most of his classmates were lazy.
4. He didn’t pass the exam despite/in spite of the help I gave him.
5. I’ll stay in the United States for two more years because I want to finish my degree before going home.
6. My shoes and pants got muddy even though/ although I walked carefully through the wet street.
7. Although I found the film boring, I stayed until the end. / I found the film boring although I stayed until the end.
8. My roommate lets me borrow her notes because I can’t understand the lectures in my psychology class.
9. She finds it difficult to express her ideas in writing despite/ in spite of her obvious intelligence.
10. She went on a walking holiday in Nepal despite/ in spite of the fact that she was ill.
11. 1. because of 5. Because 9. because
12. even though 6. Because of 10. Despite/ In spite of
13. because 7. In spite of
14. although 8. Even though
15. 1. Frightened as/ though she was, she forced herself to pick up the snake.
    1. In spite of eating a big lunch, he had a three-course meal in the evening.
    2. Because of our parents’ generosity, we all have received the best of everything.
    3. Although we all had warned him, he left camp without taking his rifle.
    4. Despite the fact that the play received good notices, not many people went to see it.
    5. Despite their threatened food supply, the villagers refuse to leave.
    6. Although he’s got ungainly air, he is remarkably agile.
    7. Competent as/ though Richard is in his work, he doesn’t know how to deal with his client.
    8. Despite my strong disapproval of your behaviour, I will help you this time.
    9. Because John worked hard and methodically, he succeeded in his exam.
    10. Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other.
    11. Although Judy was severely disable, she participated in many sports.
    12. Even if Tom doesn’t speak Spanish, I think he should still visit Madrid.
    13. Sad as/ though it is, unemployment is unlikely to go down this year.
    14. Despite the fact that they played well, the team lost.

TEST 1

B. 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. c 20.b 21.d 22.d 23.c 2 4. c 25.d 26.

a

C. 31. B (though/as) 32. B(is) 33. C (far worse)

34. A (Economic) 35. B (because of)

III.A. 36. reforms 37. adoption 38. abolished 39. agricultural

40. Domestic 41. private 42. ownership 43. laws

B. 44. T 45. F 46. T 47. F 48.T

IV. 51. b 52. d 53. b 54. a 55. d

27. b28. a29. d30. a

1. Doi Moi was officially initiated in 1986.
2. Vietnam’s export and GDP ratio increased; Foreign Direct Investment increased; the banking structure was liberallized; the currency was stabilized.

44. B (to support) 45. D (performance)