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UNIT 10: ENDANGERED SPECIES

Choose the vowel sound for each of the words below.

1. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.

• 1. She has been interested in working with orphans and_ children.
  2. is the most important cause of freshwater turtle extinctions.
  3. Many more species potentially will become , without gaining public notice.
  4. is the variety of plant and animal species present in the natural environment.
  5. They developed programs aimed at protecting threatened and endangered species.
  6. A is the natural environment in which an organism lives.
  7. A number of wildlife have been established to preserve endangered species from extinction.
  8. is the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area.
  9. The main objective of our program is to raise on biodiversity conservation to students.
  10. When food becomes , it has the potential to make you sick.

Complete the passage with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Over 8,300 plant species and 7,200 animal species around the globe are threatened with

2. (extinct), and many thousands more become extinct each year before (biology) can identify them. The primary causes of species extinction or (3)

(endanger) are habitat (4) (destroy), commercial (5) (exploit)

(such as plant collecting, hunting, and trade in animal parts), damage caused by nonnative plants and animals introduced into an area, and (6) (pollute). Of these causes, direct

habitat destruction threatens the greatest number of species. Since the 1600s, the rate of

extinction has accelerated (7) (rapid) because of human population (8)

(grow) and human resource (9) (consume). Many biologists believe that we are in the middle of the greatest mass extinction episode since the (10) (appear) of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.

Complete the sentences with may or might followed by the correct forms of the verb in brackets. If both /wand might are possible, indicate this.

• 1. ‘Where’s Emma?’ ~ I don’t know. She (be) out shopping, I suppose.
  2. If you went to bed for an hour, you (feel) better.
  3. The painting (not be) a masterpiece, but you’ve got to admit that the colours are striking.
  4. Do you think Jean (complete) the report by now?
  5. The planet Venus (see) clearly in the night sky during this month.
  6. My tweed jacket isn’t in my closet. I think my roommate (borrow) it. He often borrows my clothes without asking me.
  7. Is that John’s car-that just stopped? He (wait) for us.
  8. She (not/ dance) very gracefully, but she had a lot of energy and enthusiasm.
  9. Jane said that she (go) and stay with her mother.
  10. I’ve heard that the newsagents is losing a lot of money and it (close) down.
  11. His maths (improve) by the time the exam comes round.
  12. Students (not use) the staff car park.
  13. Where’s Jane? I haven’t seen her for weeks. ~ I’m not sure. She (travel) in Europe.
  14. Don’t let the children play in this room. They (break) something.
  15. If I were in Tom’s position, I (look) for another job.

Underline the best answer from each group in italics.

• 1. Bookings need/ must be made at least seven days before departure.
  2. In most developed countries, people mustn’t / don’t need to boil water before they drink it.
  3. You needn’t/ mustn’t go on the beach when the tide’s coming in. It’s very dangerous.
  4. I often have to/ must work at the weekend to get everything done.
  5. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You mustn’t/ needn’t decide now.
  6. We’ve been told that we don’t have to/ mustn’t be at work until 10.00 tomorrow.
  7. When you have time, we must/ have to get together for a weekend.
  8. You mustn’t/ don’t have to look in the closet. Your birthday present is hidden there.
  9. As you worked late yesterday you needn’t/ mustn’t come until 10.00 tomorrow morning.
  10. Employees will have to/ must accept the new conditions or be dismissed.
  11. Of course the first thing I did was to call the police and I mustn’t / didn’t have to wait very long for them to get there.
  12. You mustn’t / needn’t use the office phone for private calls.
  13. You needn’t / mustn’t have woken me up. I don’t have to I mustn’t go to work today.
  14. Nowadays it needn’t/ mustn’t cost a fortune to own a powerful computer.
  15. I’ve got bad toothache. I must/ have to make an appointment with the dentist.

1. Complete the following sentences with can, could, be able to, may, might, must, need, have to. Add not if necessary for a sentence to make sense.
   1. I feel absolutely awful. I think I have flu.
   2. I used to run for miles. Now I even run round the block!
   3. Let’s be quiet when we go into the baby’s room. The baby be sleeping, and we don’t want to wake her up.
   4. I swim really well when I was six years old.
   5. Although she had a broken leg, she swim to the shore.
   6. She reserve the seat - there’ll be plenty of room.
   7. You have a special licence to drive lorries weighing over two tons.
   8. Billy, come away from that dog. It bite you.
   9. In the United States, elementary education is compulsory. All children , attend six years of elementary school.
   10. At my last job, we make any personal phone calls from the office. We

use the public call box in the street!

• 1. Smoking cause all sorts of physical problems.
  2. I phone Steve when I get home. I said I’d call him last night, but I forgot.
  3. Johnny! You play with sharp knives. Put that knife down immediately!
  4. Guests leave their valuables in the hotel safe if they wish.
  5. My father gave me a letter to post. I

All these sentences have a mistake. Correct them.

• 1. You needn’t to worry about losing your jobs.
  2. I think I saw her go out, so she might be at home.remember to post it.
  3. We needn’t allow our competitors to gain an advantage over us.
  4. When the students have question, they must to raise their hand.
  5. We have enough food at home, so we mustn’t go shopping today.
  6. It mightn’t be true. There must be some mistake.
  7. You mustn’t work at weekends for the moment
  8. Many students would rather to study on their own than go to class.
  9. If we don’t get to the market soon they can’t have any flowers left. They will all have been sold.
  10. We needn’t forget to buy some vegetables when going home this evening.

Write new sentences with a similar meaning.

• 1. It is necessary to do all of this photocopying before lunchtime.

All of this photocopying has

• 1. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport.

Louise may

• 1. Maybe Mathew forgot all about it.

Mathew might _

• 1. I had the chance to do a parachute jump, but I was too scared.

I could

• 1. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.

No one needs

• 1. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.

We may

• 1. It is necessary to extend the college to accommodate the growing number of students.

The college has_

• 1. I’m absolutely sure that they weren’t playing in this weather.

They can’t

• 1. It wasn’t necessary for you to go to so much trouble on my behalf.

You needn’t

• 1. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.

They were

TEST 1

PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

II. LANGUAGE FOCUS

1. Choose the one word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences or explains the underlined part.
2. Many plant and animal species around-the globe are now threatened_ extinction.
   1. in b. of c. for d. with
3. The Red List has been introduced to raise people’s awareness conservation needs.
   1. on b. of c. at d. for
4. Plants and animals are responsible a variety of useful medications.
   1. for b. to c. at d. on
5. Many species are threatened in the wild due to habitat by man.
   1. construction b. conservation c. destruction d. preservation
6. Many plant and animal species are now on the . of extinction.
   1. danger b. border c. margin d. verge
7. Governments have laws to protect wildlife from overhunting.
   1. enforced b. enacted c. observed d. required
8. A is someone who illegally catches or kills animals, birds, or fish on someone else’s property.
   1. poacher b. hunter c. catcher d. killer
9. When a species is no longer found on earth it is said to be .
   1. threatened b. endangered c. extinct d. at risk
10. A place where a species lives and reproduces is its .
    1. ecosystem b. conservation c. environment d. habitat
11. Some wild animals are in danger in this region.
    1. dangerous b. likely to cause harm

c. likely to be extinct d. rare

Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c or d- that best completes the sentences.

1. I can’t find my purse anywhere; I it at the office.
   1. must leave b. must have left

c. must be leaving d. must have been leaving

1. As I won’t be at home tonight, I my homework during my lunch break.
   1. have to do b. might do c. can do d. would do
2. We finish the football match before it started snowing too heavily.
   1. could b. were able to c. might d. would
3. The air in the country is not as pure as it .
   1. might be b. used to be c. would be d. must be
4. The first question must before you attempt the others.
   1. answer b. to answer c. be answered d. have answered.
5. I couldn’t wait for you any longer. I , and so I went.
   1. could go b. must have gone c. had to go d. should go
6. He had to pay a fine, _?
   1. hadn’t he b. doesn’t he c. didn’t he d. mustn’t he
7. Passengers smoke until the signs have been switched off.
   1. mustn’t b. can’t c. needn’t d. mightn’t
8. There are a lot of tickets left, so you pay for the tickets in advance.
   1. mustn’t b. won’t c. shouldn’t d. needn’t
9. He get there in time, but I can’t be sure.
   1. might b. can c. must d. need
10. We forget our passport when we travel abroad.
    1. couldn’t b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d. needn’t
11. I know what you mean, so you explain further.
    1. won’t b. mightn’t c. needn’t d. mustn’t
12. Malcolm isn’t in his office. He at home today.

1. You take care of that cut on your hand soon, or it will get infected,
   1. can b. might c. should d. ought
2. This film seems familiar. -It seems familiar to me too. We it before.
   1. might see b. might be seeing c. might be /seen d. might have seen

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. There are many reasons why a particular species may become endanger.

A B C D

1. Zoos provide an opportunity to study a wide range of animals, often in

A B C

their nature habitats.

D

1. Ari endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk

A B C

of becoming extinction.

D

1. Because much species of plants and animals in Hawaii are threatened with A B C

extinction within a short period of time, scientists are trying desperately to rescue them.

D

1. Many nations have laws offered protection to these species: for example,

A

forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves.

B C D

READING

1. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word from the box.

endangered habitat left global cause risk estimates extinct

Endangered species are those considered to be at (36) of extinction, meaning that there are so few (37) of their kind that they could disappear from the planet altogether. Endangered species are threatened by factors such as (38) loss, hunting, disease and climate change, and usually, endangered species, have a declining population or a very limited range.

The current rate of extinction is thought to be far greater than the expected natural rate,

with many species going (39) before they have even been discovered.

Shockingly, current (40) suggest that a third of the world’s amphibians, a quarter of all mammals and one in eight birds are (41) .

The alarming rate at which species are disappearing is something which should be a (42) _for concern for us all. Not only do they add beauty and wonder to the natural world, they are also of great (43) economic importance.

Read the passage carefully, decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F), and then answer the questions.

Everybody loves the giant panda. That was clear from the enthusiastic welcome New Yorkers gave to Ling Ling and Yong Yong when they arrive at the Bronx Zoo in May. The cuddy black-and white pair were on loan for six months from China’s Beijing Zoo, and it was estimated that more than 1 million people visited them in New York before they left for a zoo in Tampa, Florida in early November.

The giant panda, unfortunately, is an endangered species. Only about 700 are left in the wild, most of them living on reserves in China’s Sichuan Province. Despite conservation efforts on the part of the Chinese government and scientists worldwide, the population continues to decline as human beings cut down bamboo, the panda’s primary food.

Can the panda be saved? Of course. All it needs is bamboo and peace. Every panda population should have at least two bamboo species available to lessen the impact of a die- off. Bamboo at low elevations must be preserved or replanted. Existing reserves need to be expanded and new reserves created. Poaching must be controlled. Zoos must improve captive breeding to provide more pandas for their original home.

China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wildlife Fund are continuing their collaborative effort on the panda’s behalf, guided by the spirit of their joint agreement that reads: “The giant panda is not only the precious property of the Chinese people, but also a precious natural heritage of concern to people all over the world. ”

True or false?

1. China’s Beijing Zoo borrowed two pandas from Bronx Zoo.
2. Pandas are in danger because of food shortage.
3. The Chinese government is to blame for the extinction of pandas.
4. Zoos are useful in breeding more pandas to send back to the wild.
5. The panda is a natural heritage of China and the whole world.

Answer the questions.

1. Why was the panda placed on an endangered species list?
2. What should we do to help save pandas?

WRITING

Choose the sentence - a, b, c or d - which is built from the words given,

1. plant/ animal/ species/ foundation/ healthy ecosystems//
   1. Plant and animal species are the foundation of healthy ecosystems.
   2. Plants and animals species is a foundation of healthy ecosystems.
   3. Plant and animal species have the foundation of healthy ecosystems.
   4. Plants and animals species lay the foundation for healthy ecosystems.
2. pollution/ coast of Florida/ kill/ coral reefs/ serve/ habitat/ hundreds of species of fish//
   1. Pollution off the coast of Florida' has killed the coral reefs served as habitat for hundreds of species of fish. ' ^
   2. Pollution off the coast of Florida has killed the coral reefs serving as habitat for hundreds of species of fish.
   3. Pollution off the coast of Florida is killing the coral reefs, which serve as habitat for hundreds of species of fish.
   4. Pollution off the coast of Florida killed the coral reefs serves as habitat for hundreds of species of fish.
3. trade/ animal parts/ many species/ continue/ suffer/ high rate of exploitation//
   1. In spite of the trade in animal parts, 'many species continue suffering high rates’ of exploitation.
   2. Due to the trade in animal parts, many species continue to suffer high rates of exploitation.
   3. Because of the trade for animal parts, many species continue suffering high rates of exploitation.
   4. But for the trade in animal parts, many species continue to suffer high rates of exploitation.
4. endangered species/ protect and save/ future generations/ experience/ their presence and value//
   1. Endangered species should be protected and saved; therefore, future generations can experience their presence and value.
   2. Endangered species could be protected and saved; as a result, future generations can experience their presence and value.
   3. Endangered species have to be protected and saved since future generations can experience their presence and value.
   4. Endangered species must be protected and saved so that future generations can experience their presence and value.
5. our quality/ life/ future generation/ depend/ preserve/ plant and animal species//
   1. Our quality of life and future generations depends in preserving of plant and animal species.
   2. Our quality of life and that of future generations depends on our preservation of plant and animal species.
   3. Our quality of life and that of future generations depends to our preservation of plant and animal species.
   4. Our quality of life and future generations depends upon our preservation pf plant and animal species.

TEST 2

I. PRONUNCIATION

1. Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

1. Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from that of the others.

II. LANGUAGE FOCUS

1. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentence.
2. Only a few of the many species risk of extinction actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection.
   1. in b. on c. at d. with
3. Even today, there are demands items such as rhino horns and tiger bones in several areas of Asia.
   1. for b. in c. of d. to
4. If we do not take steps to protect the world’s wild life, many species of birds and animals are likely to die completely,
   1. away b. down c. out d. from
5. Changes in global climate brought by the release of greenhouse gases are all results of human activity.
   1. into b. about c. around d. over
6. It may take centuries to a forest that was cut down by humans or destroyed by fire.
   1. rewind b. regrow c. recover d. reapply
7. Toxic chemicals in the air, land and water have also many species to the verge of extinction.
   1. taken b. guided c. driven d. developed
8. Overharvesting brought North American alligators to in their natural habitats.
   1. nearly extinct b. near extinction c. extinct near d. extinction nearly
9. A species is a species which is likely to become endangered.
   1. protected b. endangered c; extinct d. vulnerable
10. In some Countries there have been widespread demands for the of seal hunting.
    1. extinction b. exploitation c. construction d. abolition
11. A species that faces may become severely endangered or even extinct.
    1. overpopulation b. overgrowth c. overbalance d. overexploitation
12. A is an area of land where wild animals or plants are officially protected.
    1. habitat b. nature c. reserve d. globe.
13. is the variety of different types of plant and animal life in a particular region.
    1. environment b. conservation c. biodiversity d. ecology
14. A scientist who studies the life and structure of plants and animals is a .
    1. biologist b. conservationist c. botanist d. environmentalist
15. Reforestation in an area where a threatened species lives is an example of .
    1. habitat destruction b. natural selection

c. balanced environment d. conservation effort

1. Disease, pollution, and limited distribution are more factors that various plant and animal species.
   1. threaten b. reserve c. save d. reassure

Choose the word or phrase - a, bf c or d - that best completes the sentences.

1. Do you mind if we schedule the meeting for 11 o’clock? ~Well, actually, I prefer it to be earlier.
   1. should b. could c. will d. would
2. Humans stop poaching gazelles for their horns, meat, and skin.
   1. can b. might c. must d. had better
3. By the end of this year I enough money to buy a car.
   1. might save b. might be saved

c. might have saved d. might have been saving

1. You’d better those glasses carefully if you want them to arrive intact.
   1. pack b. to pack c. packing d. have packed
2. Where’s Emma? ~ I don’t know. She be out shopping, I suppose.
   1. must b. can c. might d. should
3. When I was a child, I watch TV whenever I wanted to.
   1. would b. could c. should' d. was able to

32 .we discuss this any further? I’m sure we’ve all got a good idea of the problem now.

1. Must b. Should c. Could d. Need
2. Our new flat is on a very busy street. I expect we’ll the noise, but at the moment it’s very disturbing.
   1. use to b. get used to c. be used to d. used to
3. On Sundays when I was a child we all get up early and go fishing.
   1. should b. would c. could d. might
4. Secondary school students nowadays wear a uniform.
   1. have to b. must c. should d. could
5. three miles to school when I was a child.
   1. must cycle b. would cycle c. had to cycle d. must have cycled
6. I mybest suit - everyone else was very casually dressed.
   1. needn’t wear b. mustn’t wear

c. needn’t have worn d. mustn’t have worn

1. I recommended that she reduce her expenditure.
   1. would b. should c. must d. need
2. I’ve bought the tent, so we go camping next weekend if we want to.
   1. must b. should c. are able to d. can
3. You ’ tell the news to Margaret - I don’t want her to know,
   1. mustn’t b. needn’t c. mightn’t d. wouldn’t

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Nearly every region of the earth have been affected by human activity, A B C

particularly during this past century.

D

1. Many more species become extinct, and potentially will become extinct.

A B C

without gaining public notice.

D

1. The current rate of extinction is thought to be more greater than the

A B C

expected natural rate.

D

1. Various wild species are commercially raised, directly contributing on

A B C

local and regional economies.

D

1. Endangered species, such as the California condor, are at immediate risk of

A B

extinction and probably cannot be survived without direct human intervention.

C D

READING

1. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

Nowadays people are more aware that wildlife all over the world is in (46) . Many species of animals are threatened, and could easily become extinct (47) we do not make an effort to protect them. There are many reasons for this. In some cases,

animals are (48) for their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some

birds, such as parrots, are caught (49) and are sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their (50) the place where they live – is disappearing. More (51) _is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are (52) open spaces than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow better

(53) , but these chemicals pollute the environment and (54) wildlife. The most successful animals on earth - human beings - will soon be the only ones (55)

, unless we can solve this problem.

Leaving Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answer.

In today’s world, thousands of plants and animals are in danger of extinction, and the number of species at risk increases every year. Not all plants or animals existing in small numbers are endangered as their population may not be decreasing or threatened. An endangered species is one which is expected to die out within twenty years unless special measures are taken to protect it. Endangered animals include blue whales, giant pandas, orang-outans, rhinoceroses, snow leopards, tigers, and some species of crocodile. Endangered plants include some species of cactus.

Why are the above species of animal endangered? There are now legal limits on hunting, but not all species protected are by law. Even when animals are legally protected, illegal hunting for fur, tusks and horn continues. Those animals that are not killed are captured and sent to zoos or sold as pets. For example, the little blue macaw, a parrot native to Brazil, has been captured in such numbers for private bird collectors that it is almost extinct in the wild. In addition to this, many species’ habitats are eliminated when people clear land in order to build on it, or when they introduce domestic and non-native animals which overgraze the vegetation and even prey on birds and mammals which are already at risk of extinction.

Why is it important to save endangered species? Firstly, nature is delicately balanced, and the extinction of one species may have a serious effect on others. Secondly, it is the fault of mankind that so many species are endangered, so it is our responsibility to protect those species while we still can. We must stop the hunting of wild animals and the destruction of the forests before it is too late. It is worth making an effort - by saving endangered species we could be saving ourselves.

1. According to the passage, .
   1. more and more species become endangered each year
   2. all plants and animals are expected to die out in 20 years
   3. blue whales have become extinct
   4. only animal species are seriously threatened with extinction
2. According to the author, all the species mentioned are in danger because
   1. they are not protected by laws
   2. they are not kept in wildlife reserves
   3. illegal hunting has been eliminated
   4. laws on hunting and wildlife conservation are not strictly obeyed
3. The author uses the blue macaw as an example of .
   1. a species that has completely died out ,
   2. a species of birds killed by hunters
   3. birds captured for the pet trade
   4. birds captured for zoos
4. According to the author introducing domestic, non-native animals .
   1. is not associated with endangered species
   2. may threaten the habitats of some species
   3. is only dangerous in tropical forests
   4. is the only reason why some species habitats are destroyed.
5. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that endangered species .
   1. will definitely die out soon
   2. cannot be saved because we need to save ourselves
   3. play an important part in the natural world
   4. have a bad effect on other species

WRITING

Choose the sentences - a, b, c or d - which is closest in meaning to the printed one.

1. “You should have finished the report by now,” the boss said to his secretary.
   1. The boss reminded his secretary of finishing the report on time.
   2. The boss advised his secretary to finish the report on time.
   3. The boss scolded his secretary for not finishing the report on time.
   4. The boss suggested his secretary should have finished the report.
2. Perhaps the others are looking for us now.
   1. The others must be looking for us now.
   2. The others might be looking for us now.
   3. The others should be looking for us now.
   4. The others have to be looking for us now.
3. The best decision would have been for you to accept the offer.
   1. You ought to have accepted the offer.
   2. You must have accepted the offer.
   3. You need have accepted the offer.
   4. You could have accepted the offer.
4. It is rarely necessary to ask Suzanne to tidy her room.
   1. Suzanne dislikes to be asked to tidy her room.
   2. There is no need for Suzanne to tidy her room.
   3. Suzanne mustn’t be asked to tidy her room.
   4. Suzanne rarely has to be asked to tidy her room.
5. It’s obvious that the child has run away.
   1. The child must have run away. b. The child might have run away,

c. The child need have run away. d. The child could have run away.

ĐÁP ÁN

UNIT 10.

diversity /ai/

1. rhinoceros/ai/ 8. drainage /ei/ 13. panda /ae/ 18. urbanization /i/
2. dam /ae / 9. damage /ae/ 14. fertile /ai/ 19. crisis

/ai/

1. classify /ae/ 10. Primary /ai/ 15. Wild /ai/ 20. Natural /ae/
2. 1. vulnerable 4. Biodiversity 7. reserves 10. contaminated
3. Overexploitation 5. Conservation 8. deforestation
4. extinct 6. Habitat 9. awareness
5. 1. Extinction 2. biologists 3. endangerment 4. Destruction 5. exploitation

6. Pollution 7. rapidly 8. growth 9. consumption 10. disappearance

1. 1. may/ might be 9. might go
2. might feel 10. may/might be closing
3. may/ might not be(may/ might close is also possible)
4. may/ might have completed 11. may/ might have improved
5. may/ might be seen 12. may not use
6. may/ might have borrowed 13. may/ might be traveling
7. may/ might be waiting 14. may/ might break
8. might/ may not have danced 15. might look
9. 1. Must 9. needn’t
10. don’t need to 10. have to
11. mustn’t 11. didn’t have to
12. have to 12. mustn’t
13. needn’t 13. needn’t - don’t have to
14. don’t have to 14. needn’t
15. must 15. must
16. mustn’t have to

VI.

1. must
2. be able to - can’t
3. may/ might
4. could
5. was able to
6. needn’t
7. must/ have to
8. may/ might
   1. have to
   2. couldn’t - had to
   3. can
   4. must
   5. mustn’t
   6. may
   7. must

VII.

1. needn’t worry
2. mightn’t
3. mustn’t
4. must raise
5. needn’t
6. can’t/ couldn’t
7. don’t have to/ don’t need to
8. would rather study
9. may not/ might not
10. mustn’t/
11. 1. All of this photocopying has got to be done/ has to be done before lunchtime.
    1. Louise may be waiting for us at the airport.
    2. Mathew might have forgotten all about it.
    3. I could have done a parachute jump, but I was too scared.
    4. No one needs know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
    5. We may have to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
    6. The college has to be extended to accommodate the growing number of students.
    7. They can’t (possibly) have been playing in this weather.
    8. You needn’t have gone to so much trouble on my behalf.
    9. They were unable to finish their game of tennis because of a heavy shower.

TEST 1

I. 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. d

TEST 2

C. 41. B (has been) 44. C(to) 43. C (much/ far)

42. B (or) 45. C (survive)

III. A. 46.a 47. b 48. d 49.d 50. b 51. d 52. a 53.c 54. b 55. d

B. 56.a 57. d 58. c 59.b 60. c

IV. 61.c 62. b 63. a 64.d 65. a