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UNIT 9: DESERTS

Write the pronunciation of the underlined letter(s) in each of the following words. Use a dictionary if you need to.

1. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word from the box.

• 1. The Sahara is the largest on the African continent.
  2. Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s surface and occur where is less than 50 cm/year.
  3. In areas such as mountain , the soil is shallow, rocky or gravely with good drainage.
  4. The Simpson desert remained a mystery until Madigan made a survey in 1929.
  5. Some of the sand
  6. He had made two in the Sahara can reach 180 metters in height to the Gobi Desert to study desert plants.
  7. She half-stumbled over a of grass as she rushed towards her mother.
  8. Beneath the city lies a labyrinthine of tunnels.
  9. Most of the British in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean achieved independence.
  10. It took us over an hour to reach the of the hill.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets.

• 1. The Sahara desert is sparsely covered with various types of _ ranging from grasses, shrubs, and trees. (vegetable)
  2. Deserts typically have a plant cover that is sparse but diverse. (enormous)
  3. More than a billion people all over the world are under the threat of desert

. (expand)

• 1. Technological progress has boosted the of the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, (explore)
  2. The deserts of Patagonia are expanding due to (desert)
  3. A wide base will make the structure much more . (stabilize)
  4. The soil was and nothing seemed to grow in it. (sand)
  5. Deserts have been growing at a speed within the last 100 years, (frighten)
  6. The city is at an of 2000 metres, (elevate)
  7. Three years later Madigan led a expedition across the sand dunes on a more northerly route, (science)

Add so, but, therefore, however where appropriate.

• 1. The wind was howling outside, it was warm and comfortable indoor.
  2. The highway was under construction, we had to take a different route to work.
  3. You could fly via Singapore; , this isn’t the only way.
  4. There is still much to discuss. We shall, , return to this item at our next meeting.
  5. It isn’t that he lied exactly, he did tend to exaggerate.
  6. I thought the plane would be delayed; , I bought a lot of magazines to read.
  7. Jackson was going to study all night, he declined our invitation to dinner.
  8. We thought the figures were correct we have now discovered some errors.
  9. Cars have become much more complicated. , mechanics need more training than in the past.
  10. We arrived at the theater late the play had not yet begun. We were quite surprised.
  11. Prices have been rising. It is unlikely, , that this increase will continue.
  12. The bread was old and stale, Martha ate it anyway.
  13. The holiday had been a complete disaster. We,_ , decide to fly home early if we could.
  14. He failed the exam, _he had to do the job he didn’t like.
  15. The expedition hoped to climb the mountain by August bad weather could be a hindrance.

Complete these two paragraphs.

Put in: also, but, despite, or, that, therefore.

CAR PROBLEMS

I was having a lot of problems -with my car. The engine kept cutting out, and I(1)

_has trouble starting it. I got so fed up with it (2) . I took it to a garage. They told me it was going to cost hundreds of pounds to repair, (3) unfortunately

didn’t have the money, and I (4) decided to get rid of the car (5) needing it for work. Now I get the bus to work (6) a colleague gives me a lift.

Put in: alternatively, as a result of, consequently, furthermore, in spite of, on top of.

UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

(7) their aim to get more young people into universities, the government has

put financial difficulties in their way. Nowadays most students get a loan instead of a grant, and some have to pay tuition fees (8) that. (9) many of them

run up huge debts, or (10) their parents have to support them. (11)

these obstacles, some school leavers are discouraged from applying to go to university. (12) an increasing number are dropping out before completing

the course.

Underline the correct alternative.

• 1. Your essay is badly organized and full of spelling mistakes. Though/ Nevertheless, it contains some very interesting ideas.
  2. To the east the trees were left standing, while/ in contrast to the west they were cut down.
  3. I felt guilty about leaving the company even though/ because I knew I had made the right decision.
  4. I must call my mother. Otherwise/ Therefore, she’ll start worrying about me.
  5. He was refused entry to the country. Though/ Instead he was forced to return to Spain.
  6. Sue didn’t know how to swim, yet/ for she jumped into the swimming pool.
  7. We are short of money so/ but we had to spend the night on a park bench.
  8. I understand your point of view. However/ Therefore I don’t agree with it.
  9. Jane is taking a course into auto mechanics because/ so that she can fix her own car.
  10. Modern farming methods have destroyed the habitat of many birds. As a result/ So that

their numbers are in decline.

• 1. He has lived next door to us for years, but/ so we hardly ever see him.
  2. The building was extreme well constructed and, consequently / furthermore, difficult to demolish.
  3. Emily has never wanted to return to Yukon to live despite! because of the severe winters.
  4. There is fog at Heathrow; the plane, however/ therefore, has been diverted.
  5. I know traveling by bus takes longer than flying, but/ however it will be more interesting.

Choose items from (i) and from (ii) to complete these sentences in an appropriate way. Note the punctuation at the ends of the sentences and phrases already given.

(i) (ii)

therefore his face seemed familiar

so that her sister is full of self-confidence

otherwise everybody had their fair share

furthermore he had not even contacted her

yet you start learning how to use the Internet

whereas you will not be considered for that job

however the elevator was broken

even though he couldn’t pick us up after the concert

because we have now discovered some errors

unless I hadn’t done any extra studying

1. We thought the figures were correct
2. I got an “A” in the test
3. Bill’s car wouldn’t start.
4. Martha cut the cake carefully into slices
5. You should speak both Japanese and Chinese fluently,
6. I couldn’t remember meeting him before,
7. Jane is insecure and unsure of herself,
8. The modern world will pass you by
9. We had to walk up six flights of stairs
10. He said he had not discussed the matter with her.

Fill in each blank with one appropriate preposition.

• 1. Some animals have specialized adaptations for dealing the desert heat and lack water
  2. People cut trees for fuel and farmland.
  3. Their herds eat the grass covering the valley floors and hillsides.

The climate and soil quality, therefore, are affected and forests are turned deserts.

• 1. A lot of efforts have been made to prevent the dune advancing.
  2. In Algeria, people planted a green wall of trees the edge of the Sahara to stop the desert sand spreading.
  3. the west, the Gibbon, Great Sandy, and Tanami Deserts comprise an enormous sandy area.
  4. The dunes are separated corridors _low, open shrubland.
  5. Hummock grasses grow the crest and spinifex grows the corridors between dunes.
  6. The Sahara stretches the Red Sea the outskirts of Atlantic Ocean.
  7. Children are forced to work 19 hours a day in the factories.

Write a sentence of similar meaning using the word or words in brackets.

• 1. This product is cheap, and it’s effective, (as well as)
  2. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant, (either ... or)
  3. The leopard faces extinction. The tiger faces extinction (both ... and)
  4. The party isn’t very popular, and its policies aren’t very popular. (neither ... nor)

5. I felt very emotional, and I almost burst into tears, (so ... that)

1. I was quoted in the newspapers and interviewed on TV. (not only ... but also)
2. I have to book the hotel, and I have to make the travel arrangements, (in addition to)
3. My parents is going to meet me at the airport, or my brother is going to meet me at the airport, (either ... or)
4. Jane was invited to Bill’s farewell party, and so were her roommates, (not only ... but also)
5. Wage cuts have led to people rioting on the streets, (as a result of)

TEST 1

PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

II. LANGUAGE FOCUS

1. Choose the one word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences.
2. The Simpson Desert was named A. A. Simpson, President of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia in 1929.
   1. of b. to c. as d. after
3. the north of Nullabor Plain stretches Great Victoria Desert,
   1. In b. To c. From d. On
4. The land loses its protective cover of vegetation and soon turns desert.
   1. in b. to c. into d. down
5. The desert for endless miles on all sides of us.
   1. developed b. reached c. comprised d. stretched
6. A is a low hill of sand formed by wind, in a desert.
   1. crest b. dune c. slope d. hummock
7. His next major was across the desert to Nubia, mainly by camel.
   1. expedition b. travel c. voyage d. excursion
8. One well-known desert plant is the , which has thick stems covered in spines but without leaves.
   1. spinifex b. eucalyptus c. cactus d. date palm
9. Many people think of deserts as region, but many species of plants and animals have adapted to life there
   1. empty b. barren c. balmy d. plain
10. A desert island is a(n) place.
    1. unpopular b. uninhabited c. deserted d. barren
11. He had led an expedition of the western Sonoran Desert.
    1. explore b. exploring c. exploration d. exploratory

Choose the one word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences.

16 . extreme bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering

our skiing trip.

1. Due to b. Because c. Since d. Despite
2. Because of the snowstorm only five students came to class. The teacher, , canceled the class.
   1. however b. moreover c. therefore d. since
3. You cannot see the doctor you have made an appointment with him.
   1. even so b. unless c. however d. without
4. The new system is better it provides faster access to the Internet,
   1. whereas b. because c. though d. consequently
5. The man had a motive for the murder. , he was seen in the area at the time.
   1. Moreover b. Consequently c. However d. Nevertheless
6. A tree had fallen across the road, they had to turn round and go back.
   1. but b. and c. so d. then
7. She worked hard everything would be ready in time.
   1. since b. as if c. unless d. so that
8. You can try your best to impress the interviewer often just a question of luck.
   1. so b. but c. however d. then
9. There was a bomb scare in the resort, and tourists stayed away.
   1. however b. while c. consequently d. though
10. Plants that grow in high desert areas must live in extreme daytime heat. , they must be able to tolerate severe nighttime cold.
    1. However b. Likewise c. Therefore d. But
11. Everyone thought Emma should accept the offer._ , she turned it down.
    1. Moreover b. Nevertheless c. Therefore d. Consequently
12. Joe seemed to be in a good mood, ' he snapped at me angrily when I asked him to join us.
    1. for b. so c. yet d. and
13. I no longer have the support of the committee. I have,_ , decided to resign.
    1. moreover b. however c. nevertheless d. therefore
14. Sarah often works late. She works on Saturdays sometime, .
    1. as well b. in addition c. but also d. though
15. I’ve been running about 200 kilometers a week prepare for the marathon.
    1. whereas b. while c. despite d. in order to

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. When Jenkins will submit his report tomorrow morning, the governer

A

will have all the information needed to make a decision.

B C D

1. Lastnight’s storm damaged the power lines. Consequent, the town was without

A B C D

electric for several hours.

33. If the personal computer had not been invented, will the information age A B

have arrived by the other means?

C D

1. In much of Alaska, the growing season is too short that crops can’t be raised.

A B C D

1. We still haven’tgot a sponsor even though the fact that we’ve written to A B C D

dozens of companies.

READING

1. Fill in each blank with one appropriate word in the box.

deserts temperature rainfall emerging nocturnal cacti shortage continent

Deserts cover about one fifth of the earth’s land area. The desert is a harsh environment with very little (36) and extreme temperatures. Desert plants like (37) are not abundant; neither is animal life. Deserts are very dry regions with limited plant and animal life.

Some deserts get both very hot during the day and very cold during the night, when (38)

can drop well below freezing point. Some deserts, however, are always cold, for example the Gobi Desert in Asia, and the desert on the (39) of Antarctica.

Different animals live in the different types of (40) Animals that

live in the desert have adaptations to cope with the lack of water, the extreme temperatures, and the (41) of food. To avoid daytime heat, many desert animals are (42)

They burrow beneath the surface or hide in the shade during the day, (43)

at night to eat. Many desert animals do not have to drink at all; they get all the water they need from their food. Most desert animals are small.

Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

A desert is a region where only special forms of life can exist because there is a shortage of moisture. Most of the dry, hot deserts with which we are familiar are found in two belts around the world, just north and south of the Equator. They are caused by high atmospheric pressures that exist in those areas which prevent rain from falling. Other deserts, which are found farther away from the Equator, are the result of being in ‘the rain shadow’.

Deserts differ greatly in appearance. Where sand is abundant, the winds may build sand hills or dunes. These are sand deserts. Rock deserts consist mostly of bare rock, which forms fantastic cliffs and hills. No great rivers originate in deserts. But a river may rise in moist areas and cross great deserts on its way to the sea. The Nile, for example, flows through the desert region of the Sahara.

The animals that exist in the desert are those that have managed to adapt themselves to its conditions. They must be able to do without water for long periods, or be able to reach water holes at great distances. The camel, for example, is highly adapted to desert life. It has padded feet to walk on sand, a water-storing stomach, humps of fat as a reserve supply of energy, and nostrils that can be closed to keep out sand during windstorms. Many of the

smaller desert creatures need to drink no water at all. They get what liquid they need from the sap of food plants and from night dew on leaves or stones.

1. According to the passage, a desert is a region where .
   1. there is no plant and animal life b. the sun beats down mercilessly

c. there is a lack of moisture d. the air is hot and humid

1. Which of the following is the reason why a desert is dry?
   1. There are high atmospheric pressures in the area.
   2. It has a high annual rainfall.
   3. It lies on or close to the equator.
   4. special forms of life exist there.
2. In the passage, the word “abundant” means .
   1. different b. unlimited c. existing d. plentiful
3. Both sand and rock deserts are .
   1. sandy b. hilly c. windy d. rocky.
4. Which of the following sources of water is not found in the desert?
   1. Rivers b. Seas c. Water holes d. Dew
5. Which parts of the camel make it suitable for desert life?
   1. padded feet b. water-storing stomach

c. humps of fat d. all are correct

1. Why are food plants important to smaller desert animals?
   1. Because the desert animals depend on the sap of the plants for liquid.
   2. Because food plants are nutritious.
   3. Because the desert animals live on vegetable food.
   4. Because plants are a ready food supply for the desert animals.

WRITING

Choose the sentences - a, b, c or d - which is closest in meaning to the printed one.

1. Mark ate lots of ice cream and now he has a stomachache.
   1. If Mark didn’t eat much ice cream, he wouldn’t have a stomachache.
   2. If Mark hadn’t eaten much ice cream, he wouldn’t have a stomachache.
   3. If Mark hadn’t eaten much ice cream, he wouldn’t have had a stomachache.
   4. If Mark didn’t eat much ice cream, he wouldn’t have had a stomachache.
2. You can try as hard as you like but you won’t succeed.
   1. However hard you try, you won’t succeed.
   2. You can try your best if you won’t succeed.
   3. You won’t succeed because you can’t try as hard.
   4. Although you won’t succeed, you can try as hard as you like.
3. The demand for the ticket was so great that people queued night and day.
   1. So great the demand for the ticket was that people queued night and day.
   2. So great was that the demand for the ticket people queued night and day.
   3. Such was the demand for the ticket that people queued night and day.
   4. Such great was demand for the ticket that people queued night and day.
4. Don’t borrow money from friends if you don’t absolutely have to.
   1. Don’t borrow money from friends even though you absolutely have to.
   2. Borrow money from friends only if you absolutely have to.
   3. Unless you absolutely have to, borrow money from friends.
   4. Don’t borrow money from friends even if you don’t absolutely have to.
5. The little boy pretended to be sick. He wanted to stay home from school.
   1. The little boy pretended to be sick although he stayed home from school.
   2. The little boy pretended to be sick because he would stay home from school.
   3. The little boy pretended to be sick whereas he wanted to stay home from school.
   4. The little boy pretended to be sick so that he could stay home from school.

TEST 2

13. Dry salt lakes 70 kilometers long and 15 kilometers wide lie between long dunes.

a. to b. with c. of d. up to

1. Finally, the great expedition for the long journey to the Sahara Desert.
   1. went out b. came through c. set off d. got over
2. Many people think of deserts as barren region,-tat many species of plants and animals have to life there.
   1. adapted b. survived c. altered d. reorganized
3. One report states that all of Africa could eventually become a desert.
   1. extreme b. magnificent c. significant d. massive

. 17. The Sahara is southward at a rate of 30 miles per year.

a. expanding b. covering c. stretching d. sloping

1. The spreading of deserts is known as .
   1. deserting b. desertation c. desertion d. desertification
2. The highest in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3415m) in the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.
   1. point b. peak c. edge d. slope
3. The land loses its protective cover of and soon turns into desert.
   1. vegetables b. vegetative c. vegetation d. vegetal
4. A(n) is an area of flat land that is higher than the land around it.
   1. dune b. slope c. oasis d. tableland
5. After three hours of climbing, we finally reached the of the mountain.
   1. crest b. steep c. corridor d. foot
6. Dominant in the Sahara are various Berber groups including Tuareg tribes.
   1. ethnic b. ethnicity c. ethnicities d. ethnically
7. As the clouds drifted away an even higher peak became to the climbers.
   1. sighted b. visible c. obvious d. apparent
8. The Sahara the continent of Africa into North and Sub-Saharan Africa,
   1. separates b. diverges c. detachs d. divides

Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best completes the sentences.

1. The boys prefer competitive sports and computer games, the girls seem to enjoy more cooperative activities, such as shopping with friends.
   1. whereas b. because c. though d. however
2. The building has a smoke detector any fires can be detected immediately.
   1. so that b. whereas c. but d. in case
3. Not everyone is happy about the new timetable. There are, , a number of advantages to it.
   1. consequently b. but c. however d. moreover
4. Neither Jane nor I to New York before.
   1. was b. were c. has been d. have been
5. We’re making a lot of progress, we’ve still got a long way to go.
   1. so b. and c. but d. for
6. There has been media coverage of the coming election that people have got bored with it.
   1. too much b. so many c. so much d. such a
7. I'd like a job that pays more, but I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
   1. on the one hand b. on the other hand c. addition d. as a result
8. I’ll do the washing up if my wife really wants me to .
   1. and I’d rather she didn’t b. so I’d rather she does

c. but I’d rather she did d. however, I’d rather she will

1. In some rural areas of this country, health care by only a small number of doctors and nurses.
   1. is providing b. provided c. provides d. is being provided
2. Morgan stopped working as a doctor in 1973. , he remained active in medical research until his death.
   1. Therefore b. Nevertheless c. Otherwise d. Consequently
3. hadn’t understood his asked him to repeat what he’d said.
   1. directions. Therefore, I b. directions, and I

c. directions because I d. directions. However, I

1. I studied English for four years in high school. had trouble talking with people when I was traveling in the U.S.
   1. Therefore, I b. Otherwise, I c. Although I d. However, I
2. Not only my children but also I from walking so far.
   1. are tired b. am tired c. have tired d. were tired
3. My sister broke her leg in two places. , she had to wear a cast and use crutches for three months.
   1. Moreover b. However c. Consequently d. For that
4. your timely warning, we would have been unaware of the danger.
   1. Despite b. But for cu Because of d. Instead of

Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Now that I’ve learned to stay afloat. I feel better about the water, and I

A B C

still can’t swim well.

D

1. Model airplanes can be guided both by control wires or by radio transmitters.

A B C D

1. Reclaimation is the successful attempt to make deserts, marshlands or

A B

other unusable land suitable of farming or building.

C D

1. The air of the upper atmosphere is just enough dense to ignite meteor by friction.

A B C D

1. In desert areas, long periods of drought often alternate with long periods of

A B

excessive rainy and flooding.

C D

III. READING

A. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

A desert is a special (46) where only certain kinds of plants and animals can survive. All deserts have very little water. This means that only animals and plants that can

(47) water for long periods of time can exist in the desert.'

Plants in the deserts are particularly (48) to the dry and hot environment. One well-known desert plant is the cactus. (49) many desert plants, this plant has very tiny leaves. As plants lose most of their water (50) their leaves, the small leaves of the cactus help to cut down water evaporation. There are some desert plants that do not have leaves at all. Some desert plants (51) by avoiding the dry season altogether. During the dry season, this plant remains a seed and does not (52) from the soil at all. When the rains come, this seed would grow very quickly into a plant. It would (53)

rapidly and then scatter its seed before the dry season return.

Desert animals have also learnt to adapt well to life in this region. The camel, for example, survives well in the desert because water can be (54) in its body. Other desert animals include rodents such as mice. These animals need very little water

(55) friction they can get all the water they require from their food.

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true. Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of

water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall - to be classified as a desert, and area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year - there are many plants that thrive on only small amounts of water, and deserts are often full of such plant life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanism for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

1. What is the main topic of the passage?
   1. Deserts are dry, flat areas with few plants.
   2. There is little rainfall in the desert.
   3. Many kinds of vegetation can survive with little water.
   4. Deserts are not really flat areas with little plant life.
2. The passage implies that .
   1. the typical conception of a desert is incorrect
   2. all deserts are dry, flat areas
   3. most people are well informed about deserts
   4. the lack of rainfall in deserts causes the lack of vegetation.
3. The passage describes the geography of deserts as .
   1. flat b. sandy c. varied d. void of vegetation
4. According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?
   1. The type of plants b. The geographical formations

c. The amount of precipitation d. The source of water

1. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about cacti?
   1. They have deep root systems.
   2. They retain water from one rainfall to the next.
   3. They survive in the desert because they do not need water.
   4. They get water from deep below the surface of the desert.

IV. WRITING

From the words or phrases - a, b, c or d - choose the one that best completes the sentences.

61 , she could not answer the questions.

1. Not reading the article b. Not having read the article

c. Haying not read the article d. Not read the article

1. The students liked that professor’s course .
   1. therefore there was a lot of homework
   2. if there was more homework
   3. so that there was no homework
   4. because there was little or no homework
2. Thomas Eakins studied when he was training to become an artist,
   1. not only painting but also anatomy b. painting and anatomy as well

c. painting nor anatomy d. neither painting or anatomy

1. that few building were left standing in the town.
   1. Such was the strength of the earthquake
   2. So strong the earthquake was
   3. Such the strength of the earthquake was
   4. So was the strength of the earthquake
2. Skiing is a popular American sport, .
   1. however it is quite expensive b. despite its quite expensive

c. even though it is quite expensive d. it is quite expensive

ĐÁP ÁN

UNIT 9

I. 1. /e/ 2. / æ / 3. /ǝʊ/ 4. /e/ 5. /ɑ:/ 6. /e/ 7. / æ / 8./ æ / 9. /ɑ:/ hoặc /ɒ/

10. /ju:/ 11. /i/ 12. /Ʌ/ 13./u:/ 14./ei/ 15. /ɜ:/ 16. /ai/ 17. /ɔ:/ 18. /ju:/

19. / ɔ:/ 20. /ǝ/

1. 1. desert. 3. Slopes 5. Dunes 7. hummock 9. colonies

2. rainfall 4. Aerial 6. expeditions 8. Network 10. crest

1. 1. Vegetation 3. Expansion 5. desertification 7. sandy 9. elevation

1. 1. Nevertheless 6. yet 11. but

1. 1. We thought the figures were correct. However we have now discovered some errors.
2. I got an A in the test even though I hadn’t done any extra studying.
3. Bill’s car wouldn’t start. Therefore he couldn’t pick us up after the concert.
4. Martha cut the cake carefully into slices so that everybody had their fair share.
5. You should speak both Japanese and Chinese fluently; otherwise you will not be considered for that job.
6. I couldn’t remember meeting him before, yet his face seemed familiar.
7. Jane is insecure and unsure of herself, whereas her sister is full of self-confidence.
8. The modern world will pass you by unless you start learning how to use the Internet.
9. We had to walk up six flights of stairs because the elevator was broken.
10. He said he had not discussed the matter with her. Furthermore, he had not even contacted her.

IX. 1. This product is cheap as well as effective.

1. We can either fix dinner for them here or take them to a restaurant.
2. Both the leopard and the tiger face extinction.
3. Neither the party nor its policies are very popular.
4. I felt so emotional that I almost burst into tears.
5. I was not only quoted in the newspapers, but I was also interviewed on TV.
6. In addition to booking the hotel, I have to make the travel arrangements./ I have to book the hotel in addition to making the travel arrangements.
7. Either my parents or my brother is going to meet me at the airport.
8. Not only Jane but also her roommates were invited to Bill’s farewell party.
9. As a result of wage cuts, people are rioting/ have been rioting/ have rioted on •the streets.

TEST 1

I. 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. a

II. A. 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. b 11.a 12.c 13. b 14.b 15. d

B. 16. a 17. c 18. b 19. b 20. a 21.c 22.d 23. b 24.c 25. a 26. b

27. c 28. d 29. a 30. d

C. 31. A (submit) 32. C (Consequently) 33. B (would)

34. C (so) 35. C (despite/ in spite of)

III. A. 36. rainfall 37. Cacti 38. Temperature 39. Continent

40. deserts 41. Shortage 42. Nocturnal 43. Emerging

B. 44. c 45. a 46. d 47. B 48. B 49. d 50. a

IV. 51. B 52. a 53. c 54. b 55. d