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PHẦN 1

UNIT 7: READING & VOCABULARY

1. VOCABULARY

Phrases and Structures

1. …faster and faster: càng ngày càng nhanh So sánh càng ngày càng.

Chúng ta có quy tắc: ADJer and ADJer (với tính từ ngắn- có một âm tiết) Eg: richer and richer; taller and taller.

Và more and more ADJ (với tính từ dài- có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) ADJ: more and more exciting; more and more difficult.

It takes/ took sb time to do sth

Hoặc It takes/ took time for N to do sth

Hoặc S spend time doing sth.

It took 1,750 years for the world population to reach 625 million

1. It is expected to be over 7 billion: (câu bị động): nó được mong chờ là sẽ có hơn 7 tỉ người.
2. Enough+ N: enough resources: đủ nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên.

ADJ/ ADV+ enough: tall/ rich/ beautiful enough.

1. Answer TO: câu trả lời cho…(một câu hỏi/ một vấn đề)

Key/ solution TO: chìa khóa, phương án giải quyết cho…

1. Raise animals: nuôi động vật
2. There is no limit to the water …: không có hạn chế nào đối với nguồn nước…
3. It is time S+ Ved: đã đến lúc cần làm rồi mà sao chưa làm (có ý chê trách, phàn nàn)

It is time the government did something to help them. It is time she made her decision.

Khác với cấu trúc:

It is time for sb to do sth: nhắc ai đó đến lúc làm gì (đơn thuần là nhắc nhở) It is time for her to make her decision.

Reading

Dân số thế giới đang gia tăng ngày càng nhanh. Vào năm 10.000 trước công nguyên, thế giới có lẽ chỉ có khoảng 10 triệu người. Vảo năm thứ nhất sau công nguyên, có khoảng 300 triệu người. Phải mất 1750 năm sau thì dân số thế giới mới đạt đến mốc 625 triệu người. Vào năm 1850, chỉ cách 100 năm sau đó, dân số thế giới lên đến con số 1 tỉ 300 triệu người. Vào năm 1950, con số đó tăng lên gấp đôi, lên đến 2 tỉ 510 triệu người. Vào năm 1985, chỉ 35 năm sau, thế giới có 4 tỉ 760 triệu người. Vào năm 2000, dân số thế giới khoảng 6,6 tỉ và đến năm 2015 dân số thế giới có thể hơn 7 tỉ.

Liệu Trái đất có đủ nguồn tài nguyên để phục vụ cho số đông người như thế này không? Nhiều nhà khoa học đã đưa ra những câu trả lời khác nhau cho câu hỏi này. Một số cho rẳng có đủ tài nguyên để phục vụ cho 8 tỉ người, số khác nói rằng chúng ta phải hạn chế sự phát triển dân số vì nguồn tài nguyên có giới hạn. Chỉ 10% đất đai của thế giới có thể được sử dụng cho canh tác và 20 % dành cho chăn nuôi. Nguồn nước chúng ta có thể sử dụng cũng chỉ có giới hạn. Trữ lượng dầu hỏa, sắt, bạc, vàng và các kim loại khác cũng có giới hạn.

Việc nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng phụ nữ ở Thế giới thứ ba có nhiều con hơn ý muốn. Trong số phụ nữ mà không nghĩ rằng mình có quá nhiều con, thì phần nửa không muốn có con nữa. Tuy nhiên, mặc dù hàng triệu phụ nữ muốn hạn chế việc sinh con, họ không biết cách an toàn nào để có con ít hơn. Những biện pháp hạn chế sinh đẻ an toàn để kế hoạch hóa gia đình thì không được phổ biến với họ. Đã đến lúc các chính phủ và các tổ chức quốc tế nên làm điều gì đó giúp họ để sự phát triển dân số

thế giới có thể bắt đầu giảm đi thay vì cứ tiếp tục tăng.

UNIT 7: READING & VOCABULARY

(Bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.

• 1. a. limit b. figure c. iron d. billion
  2. a. great b. available c. raise d. said
  3. a. decreased b. used c. reached d. developed
  4. a. program b. earth c. birth d. produce
  5. a. double b. govern c. punish d. control

Exercise 2: Fill in the blank with a suitable word to complete the passage.

China is the most populous country of the world. Its (1) _ is approximately 1.3 billion people, which is almost 22% of the (2) population. The population density is high in the southeast: 43 percent of the land contains most

of its population. A quarter of the population (3)

China is in the middle and

lower parts of the Yangtze River, and the population density (4) _ 663 people per square kilometer. Shanghai is China's largest city, (5) _ population density reaches 2,118 people per square kilometer.

China's population growth rate has (6) _ in the past years, although its population is still increasing. In the 1970s, the government started to implement birth

(7) programs to the people: late marriage, late childbearing, a one-child family, and a four-year period between two (8) in the countryside where each couple may have more than one child, According to the report of Major Figures of Population of China, the annual growth rate of China's population (9) from 25.83% (in 1070) down to 11.21% (in 1994) and to 8.77% (in 1999) in the past 20 years. This should be (10) _ a great success.

Exercise 3: Fill in each blank space with one appropriate word from the box.

WORLD POPULATION

Projections issued in 2000 showed the world population (31) from 6.1 billion in 2000, to 7.9 billion in 2050. "High" and "low" projections for 2025 are 8.4 billion and 7.5 billion respectively. The average world birth rate is projected to (32)

from the 1990 level of 26 per 1,000 to 22 per

1,000 at the .end of the century and to 17.6 per 1,000 in 2025 (corresponding to a fall in TFH from 3.3 in 1990 to 2.1 in 2025). Because of the (33) share of the population at high-mortality ages, the average world death Tate is expected to decline only (34) _ ; from 9 (per 1,000) in 1990 to 8.4 in 2025. Average world (35)

expectancy, however, is projected to rise from 65 years in 1990 to 71.3 years in 2025. Wide (36) in population growth will undoubtedly persist. In the developed world, population growth will continue to be very low and in some nations will (37) decline. Western Europe as a whole is projected to have a declining population after 2000. U.S. Census Bureau projections, assuming middle fertility and

(38) levels, show U.S. (39) increasing from 250 million in' 1990 to

349 million in 2025 and 420 million in 2050. Thereafter, (40) _ virtually zero.

would be

Exercise 4: Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

Mexico City is growing quickly. In 1970, the city had about 9 million people.

Now it has over 17 million. All these people are causing (1)

for the city. There

are not (2) jobs. Also, there is' not enough housing. Large families have to live together in small homes. Many homes do not have water. They also do not have bathrooms or electricity. The Mexican government is (3) _ about all these

problems. It is working hard to make (4)

better in the city.

Why is Mexico City growing so (5) ? Where are all these people coming from? They are coming to the city from the country. Life is hard on the farms in Mexico. Most people on farms have to live a very simple life. They have no (6)

money for modern things. People think life in the city must be (7) . So they leave their farms and move to Mexico City.

(8)

All around the world, large cities have the same problems. One of them is air

. Mexico City has pad air. It is dirty and (9) . Cars are one reason

for the dirty air. Many Mexicans now own their own cars and drive in the city. The factories in the area also cause air pollution. These factories put a lot of (10) into the air. It is not easy to clean up the air in a large city. The government has to make new laws, and everyone has to help.

Exercise 5: Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

The dramatic growth of the world's population in the twentieth century was on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth had occurred since 1950 and was known as the population 'explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increased from 2.5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the twenty century the figure had risen to about 6.6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less developed countries is beginning to slow down.

1. According to the passage, at no period inhuman history has there been . a. a population explosion of the magnitude as the one in the twenty century
   1. a universal fear about the future of man
   2. as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now
   3. so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world
2. In 2000, the world's population was about _ .

a. four billion b. six billion

c. ten billion d. fifteen billion

1. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase in the world population _.
2. is expected to continue even faster until 2050
3. will not continue into the next century
4. has been going on noticeably since 1950 .

parts of the Yangtze River, and the population density (4) reaches 663 people per square kilometer. Shanghai is China's largest city, (5) whose population density reaches 2,118 people per square kilometer.

China's population growth rate has (6) decreased in the past years, although its population is still increasing. In the 1970s, the government started to implement birth

1. control programs to the people: late marriage, late childbearing, a one-child family, and a four-year period between two (8) births in the countryside where each couple may have more than one child, According to the report of Major Figures of Population of China, the annual growth rate of China's population (9) fell from 25.83% (in 1070) down to 11.21% (in 1994) and to 8.77% (in 1999) in the past 20 years. This should be (10) considered a great success.

Exercise 3: Fill in each blank space with one appropriate word from the box.

WORLD POPULATION

Projections issued in 2000 showed the world population (31) increase from 6.1 billion in 2000, to 7.9 billion in 2050. "High" and "low" projections for 2025 are 8.4 billion and 7.5 billion respectively. The average world birth rate is projected to (32) decline from the 1990 level of 26 per 1,000 to 22 per 1,000 at the .end of the century and to 17.6 per 1,000 in 2025 (corresponding to a fall in TFH from 3.3 in 1990 to 2.1 in 2025). Because of the (33) expanding share of the population at high-mortality ages, the average world death Tate is expected to decline only (34) slightly; from 9 (per 1,000) in 1990 to 8.4 in 2025. Average world (35) life expectancy, however, is projected to rise from 65 years in 1990 to 71.3 years in 2025. Wide (36) variations in population growth will undoubtedly persist. In the developed world, population

growth will continue to be very low and in some nations will (37) even decline. Western Europe as a whole is projected to have a declining population after 2000.

U.S. Census Bureau projections, assuming middle fertility and (38) mortality levels, show U.S. (39) population increasing from 250 million in' 1990 to 349 million in 2025 and 420 million in 2050. Thereafter, (40) growth would be virtually zero.

Exercise 4: Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that best fits the blank space in the following passage.

Mexico City is growing quickly. In 1970, the city had about 9 million people. Now it has over 17 million. All these people are causing (1) for the city. There are not (2) jobs. Also, there is' not enough housing. Large families have to live together in small homes. Many homes do not have water. They also do not have bathrooms or electricity. The Mexican government is (3) _ about all these problems. It is working hard to make (4) better in the city.

Why is Mexico City growing so (5) ? Where are all these people coming from? They are coming to the city from the country. Life is hard on the farms in Mexico. Most people on farms have to live a very simple life. They have no (6)

money for modern things. People think life in the city must be (7) . So they leave their farms and move to Mexico City.

All around the world, large cities have the same problems. One of them is air

1. . Mexico City has pad air. It is dirty and (9) . Cars are one reason for the dirty air. Many Mexicans now own their own cars and drive in the city. The factories in the area also cause air pollution. These factories put a lot of (10) into the air. It is not easy to clean up the air in a large city. The government has to make new laws, and everyone has to help.

Exercise 5: Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

The dramatic growth of the world's population in the twentieth century was on a scale without parallel in human history. Most of this growth had occurred since 1950 and was known as the population 'explosion'. Between 1950 and 1980 the world population increased from 2.5 to over 4 billion, and by the end of the twenty century the figure had risen to about 6.6 billion. Growth of this size cannot continue indefinitely. Recent forecasts suggest that the total population will level out at between 10 and 15 billion in the mid twenty first century. Already there are encouraging signs that the rate of increase in many less developed countries is beginning to slow down.

1. According to the passage, at no period inhuman history has there been . a.

a population explosion of the magnitude as the one in the twenty century

1. a universal fear about the future of man
2. as comprehensive a study of population problems as the one envisaged now
3. so much consensus among nations concerning the population of the world
4. In 2000, the world's population was about _ .
   1. four billion b. six billion

c. ten billion d. fifteen billion

1. It is pointed out in the passage that the increase in the world population _.
   1. is expected to continue even faster until 2050
   2. will not continue into the next century
   3. has been going on noticeably since 1950 .
   4. has been much faster in the industrialized countries
2. The phrasal verb 'level out' in line 8 means .
   1. to make something equal
   2. to make amounts be of higher level
   3. to stop moving up or down
   4. to stay at a steady level
3. It has been forecast that, by the middle of the twenty-first century _ .
   1. various measures will have been taken to encourage population growth
   2. the world population will be stabilized at around 10 to 15 billion
   3. the population growth rate in less developed countries will be much higher
   4. the rate of population increase will have doubled the 1950 rate

PHẦN 2

UNIT 7: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

Task 1. Below are some of the causes of population explosion. Put them in order of importance and explain why.

Fewer children die at birth.

People are not aware of the problem of overpopulation. People are not properly educated.

People believe that having many children means happiness. Religion doesn't encourage people to have fewer children.

Many people believe that having a large family is a form of insurance.

Task 2. List the problems facing poor and overpopulated countries. Then report your results to the class.

Poor living conditions

Low living standards

Not enough food

Lack/ shortage school/ hospital/ teacher/ doctor/ nurse

Task 3. Work out the solutions to the problems of overpopulation. Report your results to the class.

1. Over population is now one of the most serious problems of countries in the world.
2. It’s true what solution can people to do it?
3. We should educate people about the dangers of overpopulation...

• We try to find ways to raise an awareness of the problems of overpopulation
• We should join hands to send people the message of living standards.
• We can exercise or implement the reward and punishment policies about population, for example we encourage them to have maximum only 2 children to have a happy family and limit the number of family which has more than 2 children.
• We can also carry out some population education programmes and family planning programmes.
• We encourage people to use birth control methods.

Task 4. Talk about the problems of overpopulation and offer solution, using the results of Task 2 and 3.

Nowadays, many countries are facing up to overpopulation-serious problem. Because it leads to lots of results. The first one is shortage of food as well as low living standards. And another result of overpopulation is poor living conditions.

Once we understand the danger of problem, we should find the way to solve them. We should carry out family planning programs, birth control methods. Besides we exercise reward and punishment policies…

LISTENING

Tape script Interviewer: Good evening ladies and gentlemen. In our program tonight, we are honoured to have Dr. Brown, a world famous population expert. Dr. Brown, could you tell us something about the world population?

Dr. Brown: Well, there arc over 6.700 million people in the world today, and the total is increasing at the rate of about 76 million a year. Experts say that the population of the world could be over 7 billion by the year 2015. Interviewer: Do all parts of the world have the same rate of population growth?

Dr. Brown: No, they don't. The population is growing more quickly in some parts of the world than others. Latin America ranks first. Africa second, and Asia third. Interviewer What is the main reason for the population explosion?

Dr. Brown: Well, I think the main reason is a fail in death rates. This is due to the improvement of the living conditions and medical care. Interviewer: I believe the explosion of population has caused many problems. Is it right?

Dr. Brown: Yes, it is. It caused a lot of problems such as shortage of food, lack of hospitals and schools, illiteracy, and low living standards. Interviewer: Can you make some suggestions on how to solve these problems?

Dr. Broun: I think, there are a number of solutions to the problems. The first is to educate people and make them aware of the danger of having more children. The second is to provide safe, inexpensive birth- control methods. The third is to strictly implement a family planning policy. And the fourth is to exercise strict and fair reward and punishment policies.

Interviewer: Thank you very much for being with us tonight, Dr. Brown. Dr. Brown: You’re welcome.

Task 1. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D for the following statements and questions.

• 1. The expert says that there are………..people in the world today.
     1. over 6.7 billion C. about 6.7 million
     2. 6.7 billion D. 6.6 billion
  2. According to the expert, the population of the world increases by……….a year.
     1. 66 million B. about 66 million

C. 76 billion D. about 76 million

• 1. According to the expert, the area that has the highest population growth rate is……...
     1. Africa B. Asia

C. Latin America D. the Middle East

• 1. Scientists say that the main reason for population explosion is……………
     1. death rates B. birth rates

C. an increase in death rates D. a decrease in death rates

• 1. Which of the following problems is NOT mentioned by the speaker?
     1. literacy B. lack of hospitals and schools

C. shortage of food D. poor living conditions

• 1. Which of the following solutions is NOT mentioned by the speaker?
     1. providing safe, inexpensive birth control methods
     2. educating people
     3. advising people to use birth control methods
     4. strictly implementing a family planning policy 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C

Task 2. Listen again and answers the following questions.

1. According to experts, what will the population of the world be by the year 2015?

=> According to the experts, by the year 2015, the population of the world will be over 7 billion.

1. What did the expert say about the population growth rates in some parts of the world?

=> He said that the population growth rates in some parts of the world are not the same. The population grows more quickly in some parts of the world than others.

1. According to the expert, what is the reason for a fall in the death rates?

= According to the expert, the reason for a fall in the death rates is the improvement of public health services and medical care.

1. According to the expert, what problems does population explosion cause to the world, particularly to developing countries?

=> The problems population explosion causes to the world, particularly to developing countries are shortage of foods, lack of hospitals and schools, illiteracy, and poor living conditions.

1. How many solutions did the expert offer and what are they?

=> The expert offered 4 solutions. They are (a) to educate people and make them aware of the danger of having more children, (b) to provide safe, inexpensive birth- control methods, (c) to strict implement a family planning policy, and (d) to exercise strict and fair reward and punishment policies.

UNIT 7: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d-that best completes sentences.

1. Like many other baby birds, ducklings are blind birth.
   1. of b. at c. on d. from
2. Lack food had stunted his growth.
   1. of b. in c. for d. on
3. Nigeria has a population nearly 100 million.
   1. about b. in c. of d. with
4. The rapid growth of population led to an acute _ of housing.
   1. shortfall b. shortcut c. shortcoming d. shortage
5. The population of the world is growing at a dangerous _.
   1. amount b. rate c. figure d. way
6. One third of the world's population _ two thirds of the world's resources.
   1. drains b. absorbs c. consumes d. supports
7. Better health care and agriculture have led to rapid population .
   1. grow b. growing c. grown d. growth
8. Pressure on natural resources will as we face a population explosion.
   1. increase b. decrease c. decline d. raise
9. Her first novel has been _ acclaimed as a masterpiece.
   1. nation b. national c. international d. internationally
10. Our school has managed to collect a lot of books to _ to the children in a village school.
    1. publish b. distribute c. employ d. depart

Exercise 2: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d- that best completes the sentences.

1. If the technology _ available, we would be able to expand the business.
   1. would become b. were become

c. had become d. Became

1. If the North Sea in winter, you could walk from London to Oslo.
   1. happened to freeze b. froze

c. should freeze d. should happen to freeze

1. It would have been a much more serious accident

_ fast at the time.

• 1. was she driving b. had she been driving

c. she had driven d. if she drove

1. If you _ to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess now.
   1. listen b. will listen c. had listened d. listened
2. I'll give you a lift if it _.
   1. is raining b. rained c. will rain d. had rained
3. If I

a more reliable car, I ' to Spain rather than fly.

a. would have - would drive b. had - had driven

1. had - would drive d. would have had - would drive
2. I you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
   1. would have visited b. had visited c. visited d. visit
3. They couldn't decide it was worth re-sitting the exam.
   1. if b. whether c. if or not d. whether not
4. how difficult the job was, I mightn't have taken it.
   1. If I know b. If I would know

c. Did I know d. Had I known

1. in my seventies and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash.
   1. Were I not b. Was I not c. Weren't I d. If I am not

Exercise 3: Identify the one underlined word or phrase -A, B, C or D-that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Some scientists believe that the earth have resources enough to support its

A B C D

population.

1. The population of the world has been increased faster and faster.

A B C D

1. Ninety-seven percent of the world' water is saltwater is found in

A B C

the oceans of the Earth.

D

1. Hadn't he resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.

A B C D

1. John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, but he is now living in Detroit.

A B C D

Exercise 4: Choose the word that has main stress placed differently from the others.

Exercise 5: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d- that best completes the sentences.

1. People are not aware the problem of overpopulation.
   1. for b. of c. at d. in
2. Scientists say that the main reason population explosion is an increase in birth rates.
   1. of b. to c. for d. in
3. The second solution is to provide safe, birth-control methods.
   1. expensive b. inexpensive c. expensively d. inexpensively
4. Some scientists say that there are enough resources to

8 billion people.

1. provide b. distribute c. raise d. support
2. _ the flood has receded, people can move back into their homes.
   1. Now that b. Due to c. Although d. So that
3. If the level of VAT is this year, small businesses will be affected.
   1. raised b. risen c. arisen d. raising
4. The world's population is

to be over 7 billion by 2010.

• 1. claimed b. blamed c. expected d. reached

1. _ millions of women want to limit the size of their families, they know of no safe way to have fewer children.
   1. Because b. When c. Despite d. Although
2. Most of the fresh water is at the North and South Poles.
   1. boiled b. frozen c. run d. flowed.
3. China is one of the most populated areas in the world.
   1. wastefully b. perfectly c. densely d. completely

UNIT 7: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d-that best completes sentences.

1. Like many other baby birds, ducklings are blind birth.
   1. of b. at c. on d. from
2. Lack food had stunted his growth.
   1. of b. in c. for d. on
3. Nigeria has a population nearly 100 million.
   1. about b. in c. of d. with
4. The rapid growth of population led to an acute _ of housing.
   1. shortfall b. shortcut c. shortcoming d. shortage
5. The population of the world is growing at a dangerous _.
   1. amount b. rate c. figure d. way
6. One third of the world's population

_ two thirds of the world's resources.

• 1. drains b. absorbs c. consumes d. supports

1. Better health care and agriculture have led to rapid population .
   1. grow b. growing c. grown d. growth
2. Pressure on natural resources will as we face a population explosion.
   1. increase b. decrease c. decline d. raise
3. Her first novel has been _ acclaimed as a masterpiece.
   1. nation b. national c. international d. internationally
4. Our school has managed to collect a lot of books to _ to the children in a village school.
   1. publish b. distribute c. employ d. depart

Exercise 2: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d- that best completes the sentences.

1. If the technology _ available, we would be able to expand the business.
   1. would become b. were become

c. had become d. Became

1. If the North Sea in winter, you could walk from London to Oslo.
   1. happened to freeze b. froze
2. Ninety-seven percent of the world' water is saltwater is found in

A B C(found)

the oceans of the Earth.

D

1. Hadn't he resigned, we would have been forced to sack him. (Had he not)

A B C D

1. John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, but he is now living in Detroit.

A B(from) C D

Exercise 4: Choose the word that has main stress placed differently from the others.

Exercise 5: Choose the one word or phrase -a, b, c, or d- that best completes the sentences.

1. People are not aware the problem of overpopulation.
   1. for b. of c. at d. in
2. Scientists say that the main reason population explosion is an increase in birth rates.
   1. of b. to c. for d. in
3. The second solution is to provide safe, birth-control methods.
   1. expensive b. inexpensive c. expensively d. inexpensively
4. Some scientists say that there are enough resources to 8 billion people.
   1. provide b. distribute c. raise d. support
5. _ the flood has receded, people can move back into their homes.
   1. Now that b. Due to c. Although d. So that
6. If the level of VAT is

this year, small businesses will be affected.

• 1. raised b. risen c. arisen d. raising

1. The world's population is to be over 7 billion by 2010.
   1. claimed b. blamed c. expected d. reached

13.

_ millions of women want to limit the size of their families, they know of no

safe way to have fewer children.

a. Because b. When c. Despite d. Although

1. Most of the fresh water is at the North and South Poles.
   1. boiled b. frozen c. run d. flowed.
2. China is one of the most populated areas in the world.
   1. wastefully b. perfectly c. densely d. completely

PHẦN 3

UNIT 7: GRAMMAR

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

UNIT 7: WORLD POPULATION

Lesson 3: Grammar CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

Định Nghĩa Câu Điều Kiện

Câu điều kiện dùng để nêu lên một giả thiết về một sự việc, mà sự việc đó chỉ có thể xảy ra khi điều kiện được nói đến xảy ra.

Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần (hai mệnh đề):

Mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện (còn gọi là mệnh đề IF) là mệnh đề phụ hay mệnh đề điều kiện

Mệnh đề nêu lên kết quả là mệnh đề chính. Eg: If it rains - I will stay at home.

Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể đổi chổ cho nhau được: nếu mệnh đề chính đứng trước thì giữa hai mệnh đề không cần dấu phẩy, ngược lại thì phải có dấu phẩy ở giữa.

Eg: You will pass the exam if you work hard.

=> If you work hard, you will pass the exam

Các loại câu điều kiện:

If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu mệnh lệnh :Diễn tả sự thật

If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall...... + Vo: Đk có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại, hoặc ở tương lai

If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should...+ Vo: Đk không có thật ở hiện tại

If + S + Had + P2, S + would/ could...+ have + P2: Đk không có thật trong quá khứ If+S+were../Ved, S+ would+have+ P2; If + S + had P2, S + would + Vo

Câu điều kiện loại 0

nhiên.

Diễn tả sự thật, thói quen của con người, hoặc đề cập đến sự thật hiển

Câu điều kiện này diễn tả một thói quen, một hành động thường xuyên xảy ra nếu điều kiện được đáp ứng, hoặc diễn tả một sự thật hiễn nhiên, một kết quả tất yếu xảy ra

Nếu diễn tả thói quen, trong mệnh đề chính thường xuất hiện thêm: often, usually, or always.

If + S + V (s-es), S + V (s-es)

If you cook water, it boils at 100 degree C. If you pour oil on water, it floats.

I usually walk to school if I have enough time If I feel tired, I always go to bed early.

If we are cold, we shiver

Câu điều kiện loại I

Diễn tả những hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.

If + S + V (s-es), S + will + Vo.

If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you. If it is sunny, I will go fishing.

If he works hard, he will earn a lot of money. Unless= If… not.

If he doesn’t come, she will feel very sad.

=>Unless he comes, she will feel very sad.

Câu điều kiện loại II

Diễn tả những việc không có thực ở hiện tại.

Điều kiện chỉ là một giả thiết, một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.

If + S + Ved/ were…/ could Vo, S + would + Vo.

If I were you, I wouldn’t believe him

If I had a million USD, I would buy that car.

If she could speak English well, she would get that job.

Câu điều kiện loại III

Diễn tả những việc không có thật trong quá khứ.

Điều kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ mang tính ước muốn trong quá khứ, một giả thiết trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.

If + S + had + P2 , S + would/could/might + have + P.P

If he had come to see me yesterday, I would have taken him to the movies. If I hadn’t been absent yesterday, I would have met him.

If you had asked me earlier, I would have said “Yes”.

Câu điều kiện Trộn

If2, Main 3: If I were you, I would have never believed what he said.

If 3, Main 2: (dạng này đề thi hay gặp, chú ý từ “now”)

If he had studied the lesson more carefully last night, he would be able to answer this question now

If I had gone to bed earlier last night. I wouldn’t be sleepy now.

1. Câu điều kiện ở dạng đảo (đảo ngữ ở điều kiện IF, còn vế chính vẫn giữ nguyên)

- Type 1: If +S+ Vs-es,… => Should+ S+ Vo

If there is any difficulty,…=> Should there be any difficulty If he likes it,…=> Should he like it

Type 2: If + S+ Ved/ Were adj/ N…=> Were+S+ to V/ adj/ N

If I were in your shoes,…=> Were I in your shoes,… If he loved me…=> Were he to love me,…

Type 3: If+ S+ had (not)+ P2,…=> Had +S+ (not)+ P2

If he had studied harder,..=> Had he studied harder,…

If it hadn’t rained yesterday…=> Had it not rained yesterday,…

UNIT 7: GRAMMAR

(Bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If the earth suddenly (stop) spinning we all

(fly) off it.

1. If you _ (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers _ (object).
2. (your parents/ not/ be) proud if they could see you now?
3. If she (not/ fail) one of her final exams she wouldn't have had to spend part of the summer in college.
4. I’ll lend you War and Peace if I

(finish) it before you go on holiday.

1. If we (work) all night we of working all night.

(finish) in time; but we have no intention

1. If you had worked harder, you _ (pass) your final exam.
2. If you want to learn a musical instrument, you (practise).
3. There have been a lot of thefts from cars in the city center. If you _ (leave)

your car there,

(not leave) any valuabIes in it.

1. I don't have enough money to buy that house. But if I (have) more money, I (buy) it.
2. I got wet because I didn't take my umbrella. However, I (not/ get) wet if I

(remember) to take my umbrella with me.

1. I'm broke, but I _ (have) plenty of money now if I (not/ spend) so much yesterday.
2. Tom's hobby is collecting stamps from all over the world. If he (travel) to a new country, he (spend/ always) time looking for new stamps.
3. I'm doing the test very well now. I (not/ do) the test well if I (not/ revise) thoroughly last night.
4. _ (you/ take) that job if you (know) that you had to work nights?

Exercise 2: Underline the best answers.

1. If you have left/ left home before I get there, I will/ would meet you at the airport.
2. How will/ would your father react if you leave/ left school?
3. If you will go/ go to England next month, you will/ must drive on the left.
4. Were/ Was I your doctor, I'd insist that you stop smoking.
5. You may/ might be sorry if you spend/ spent all your money.
6. Will/ Can I use your computer, if I am/ were careful?
7. Will/ Would people be able to fly if they have/ had feathers instead of hair?
8. If anyone should/ might call, would you please take a message?
9. If your mother is/ were here, I'm sure she won't/ wouldn't let you eat all those chocolates.
10. Were they not/ Weren’t they rich, they couldn't have gone to the USA for their holiday.

Exercise 3: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

1. Jack was late to the meeting because his watch was slow. If
2. Heinrich regret not having gone to art school when he was younger. Heinrich wishes
3. We don't live in a big city, so we can't easily get access to the Internet. If
4. 'If your job is so bad, why don't you leave?' she said.

She _

1. I used my calculator; otherwise I'd have taken longer.

Had _

1. 'If my car was working I would drive you to the station,' Tom said to his mother. Tom told _
2. Speak to her only if she speaks to you first.

Don't _ _

1. If I weren't in my 70s and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash. Were
2. 'What will you do if you miss your plane?' she asked.

She asked _

1. Return the product to the shop if you have any complaints about it. Should

UNIT 7: GRAMMAR

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: Put the verb into the correct form.

1. If the earth suddenly stoped(stop) spinning we all would fly(fly) off it.
2. If you smoke(smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers will/ may object(object).
3. Wouldn’t your parents be(your parents/ not/ be) proud if they could see you now?
4. If she hadn’t failed(not/ fail) one of her final exams she wouldn't have had to spend part of the summer in college.
5. I’ll lend you War and Peace if I have finished(finish) it before you go on holiday.
6. If we worked(work) all night we could/ would finish(finish) in time; but we have no intention of working all night.
7. If you had worked harder, you would have passed(pass) your final exam.
8. If you want to learn a musical instrument, you should practice(practise).
9. There have been a lot of thefts from cars in the city center. If you leave(leave) your car there, don’t leave(not leave) any valuabIes in it.
10. I don't have enough money to buy that house. But if I had(have) more money, I

would buy(buy) it.

1. I got wet because I didn't take my umbrella. However, I wouldn’t havegot(not/ get) wet if I had remembered(remember) to take my umbrella with me.
2. I'm broke, but I would have(have) plenty of money now if I hadn’t spent(not/ spend) so much yesterday.
3. Tom's hobby is collecting stamps from all over the world. If he travels(travel) to a new country, he always spends(spend/ always) time looking for new stamps.
4. I'm doing the test very well now. I wouldn’t do(not/ do) the test well if I hadn’t revised(not/ revise) thoroughly last night.
5. Would you have taken(you/ take) that job if you had known(know) that you had to work nights?

Exercise 2: Underline the best answers.

1. If you have left/ left home before I get there, I will/ would meet you at the airport.
2. How will/ would your father react if you leave/ left school?
3. If you will go/ go to England next month, you will/ must drive on the left.
4. Were/ Was I your doctor, I'd insist that you stop smoking.
5. You may/ might be sorry if you spend/ spent all your money.
6. Will/ Can I use your computer, if I am/ were careful?
7. Will/ Would people be able to fly if they have/ had feathers instead of hair?
8. If anyone should/ might call, would you please take a message?
9. If your mother is/ were here, I'm sure she won't/ wouldn't let you eat all those chocolates.
10. Were they not/ Weren’t they rich, they couldn't have gone to the USA for their holiday.

Exercise 3: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

1. Jack was late to the meeting because his watch was slow.

If Jack's watch hadn't been slow, he wouldn't have been late to the meeting.

1. Heinrich regret not having gone to art school when he was younger. Heinrich wishes he had gone to art school when he was younger.
2. We don't live in a big city, so we can't easily get access to the Internet. If we lived in a big city, we could easily get access to the Internet.
3. 'If your job is so bad, why don't you leave?' she said. She advised me to leave my job (if it was so bad).
4. I used my calculator; otherwise I'd have taken longer. Had I not used my calculator, I would have taken longer
5. 'If my car was working I would drive you to the station,' Tom said to his mother.

Tom told his mother that if his car was working/ had been working he would drivel would have driven her to the station.

1. Speak to her only if she speaks to you first. Don't speak to her unless she speaks to you first.
2. If I weren't in my 70s and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash. Were I not in my 70s and rather unfit, I might consider taking up squash.
3. 'What will you do if you miss your plane?' she asked. She asked what I would do if I missed my plane.
4. Return the product to the shop if you have any complaints about it. Should you have any complaints about the products, return it to the shop

PHẦN 4

UNIT 7: WRITING

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

Study the chart carefully then write a paragraph of 100 - 120 words, describing the information in the chart.

The chart shows the distribution of world population by region. In general, it can be seen that the world's population is distributed unevenly in the world. The population rate in Asia is the highest of the four continents: 32% in South Asia, more than double the population of Europe 15%, and 26% in East Asia. Most countries in Asia are developing ones where people aren't often aware of the result of the population explosion. Many people can't support their children well and lead a poor life whereas in Europe, the population rate is 15% and 11% in Africa. Most countries in Europe are developed ones and people’s living conditions are much better than those in Asia and Africa, which have most poor people in the world. In America, the population rate is 14% - 8% in Latin America, where many people whose living standards are low, and 6% in Northern America, where there are many rich people. In the Oceanic regions, the number of residents is much lower and the population rate is only 2%.

UNIT 7: WRITING

(Bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: From the four phrases -a, b, c or d-choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1.

ages.

_ daily promotes physical as well as emotional well-being in people of all

• 1. Having exercised b. Those who exercise

c. For exercising d. Exercising

1. Not until the seventeenth century _ to measure the speed of light.
   1. anyone did even attempt b. did anyone even attempt

c. did even attempt anyone d. even did anyone attempt

1. It is a fact that form of energy.
   1. electricity being the most useful b. electricity the most useful

c. the most useful in electricity d. electricity is the most useful

1. After seeing a movie based on a novel, _ .
   1. many people want to read the book
   2. the reading of the book interests many people.
   3. the book was read by many people
   4. the book made many people want to read it
2. When is not known.
   1. was the wheel invented b. the invention of the wheel

c. the wheel was invented d. it was invented the wheel

Exercise 2: Choose the answer - a, b, c, or d - that is nearest in meaning to the sentence printed before.

1. If I'd known about Josie's illness, I wouldn't have missed seeing her.
   1. I saw Josie, and I knew she was ill.
   2. I didn't know Josie was ill, so T saw her.
   3. Ididn't know Josie was ill, and I didn't see her.
   4. I didn't see Josie although I knew she was 'ill.
2. Hardly are appeals allowed against the council's decisions.
   1. The council rarely allows appeals against its decisions
   2. It's too hard for the council to allow appeals against its decisions.
   3. The council always allows appeals against its decisions.
   4. Allowing appeals against its decisions is not good.
3. We are planning on spending the weekend in the country as long as the weather stays fine.
   1. We're planning on spending the weekend in the country despite the bad weather.
   2. If the weather is fine, we will spend the weekend in the country.
   3. If the weather is finer, we would spend the weekend in the country.
   4. If the country is nice, we will spend the weekend there.
4. Were it not for the money, this job wouldn't be worth while.
   1. This job is not rewarding at all.
   2. The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.
   3. Although the salary is poor, the job is worthwhile.
   4. This job offers a poor salary.
5. She said she would go to the police unless she was given her money back.
   1. She went to the police because she hadn't got her money back.
   2. She hasn't yet got her money back or gone to the police.
   3. She wasn't given her money back because she had gone to the police.
   4. She was given her money back and then went to the police.

Exercise 3: Choose the best sentence - a, b, c, or d – made from the given cues.

1. He/ rather/ spend/ holidays/ a farm/ seaside.
   1. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm than at the seaside.
   2. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm at the seaside.
   3. He'd rather to spend his holidays on a farm than at the seaside
   4. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm than on the seaside.
2. We/ survive/ unless/ start/ work/ cleaner/ safer/ sources/ energy.
   1. We won't survive unless we start working cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   2. We won't survive unless we start work on cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   3. We will survive unless we start to work cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   4. We won't survive unless we start working on cleaner, safer sources of energy.
3. Heavy rain/ cause/ widespread flooding/ this/ region/ lately.
   1. Heavy rain caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   2. Heavy rain has caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   3. Heavy rain had caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   4. Heavy rain was caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
4. man/ sentence/ 15 years/ prison/ he prove/ guilty.
   1. The man will get a sentence for himself to 15 years in prison if he proves himself guilty.
   2. The man was sentenced about 15 years in prison and proved himself guilty.
   3. The man was sentenced to 15 years in prison because he had been proved guilty.
   4. The man should make his final sentence after 15 years in prison as he proved himself guilty.
5. If/ you/ not help/ II not meet/ her/ last week. .
   1. If you don't help me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   2. If you' didn't help me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   3. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   4. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have met her last week

Exercise 4: Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Mainly because of the recent health scares involving beef and chicken, the number

A B

of vegetarians are expected to rise dramatically in the next five years.

C D

1. Rita asked me why didn't I ask for my money back if I wasunhappy with my new

A B C D

car.

1. Do you have any view on whether young children should give homework from

A B C D

school?

1. If Rudy would have studied German in college, he would not have found

A B

the scientific terminology so difficult to understand.

C D

1. The United States has a younger population as most other major industrial countries.

A B C D

UNIT 7: WRITING

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

Exercise 1: From the four phrases -a, b, c or d-choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. _ daily promotes physical as well as emotional well-being in people of all ages.
   1. Having exercised b. Those who exercise

c. For exercising d. Exercising

1. Not until the seventeenth century _ to measure the speed of light.
   1. anyone did even attempt b. did anyone even attempt

c. did even attempt anyone d. even did anyone attempt

1. It is a fact that form of energy.
   1. electricity being the most useful b. electricity the most useful

c. the most useful in electricity d. electricity is the most useful

1. After seeing a movie based on a novel, _ .
   1. many people want to read the book
   2. the reading of the book interests many people.
   3. the book was read by many people
   4. the book made many people want to read it
2. When is not known.
   1. was the wheel invented b. the invention of the wheel

c. the wheel was invented d. it was invented the wheel

Exercise 2: Choose the answer - a, b, c, or d - that is nearest in meaning to the sentence printed before.

1. If I'd known about Josie's illness, I wouldn't have missed seeing her.
   1. I saw Josie, and I knew she was ill.
   2. I didn't know Josie was ill, so T saw her.
   3. Ididn't know Josie was ill, and I didn't see her.
   4. I didn't see Josie although I knew she was 'ill.
2. Hardly are appeals allowed against the council's decisions.
   1. The council rarely allows appeals against its decisions
   2. It's too hard for the council to allow appeals against its decisions.
   3. The council always allows appeals against its decisions.
   4. Allowing appeals against its decisions is not good.
3. We are planning on spending the weekend in the country as long as the weather stays fine.
   1. We're planning on spending the weekend in the country despite the bad weather.
   2. If the weather is fine, we will spend the weekend in the country.
   3. If the weather is finer, we would spend the weekend in the country.
   4. If the country is nice, we will spend the weekend there.
4. Were it not for the money, this job wouldn't be worth while.
   1. This job is not rewarding at all.
   2. The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.
   3. Although the salary is poor, the job is worthwhile.
   4. This job offers a poor salary.
5. She said she would go to the police unless she was given her money back.
   1. She went to the police because she hadn't got her money back.
   2. She hasn't yet got her money back or gone to the police.
   3. She wasn't given her money back because she had gone to the police.
   4. She was given her money back and then went to the police.

Exercise 3: Choose the best sentence - a, b, c, or d – made from the given cues.

1. He/ rather/ spend/ holidays/ a farm/ seaside.
   1. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm than at the seaside.
   2. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm at the seaside.
   3. He'd rather to spend his holidays on a farm than at the seaside
   4. He'd rather spend his holidays on a farm than on the seaside.
2. We/ survive/ unless/ start/ work/ cleaner/ safer/ sources/ energy.
   1. We won't survive unless we start working cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   2. We won't survive unless we start work on cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   3. We will survive unless we start to work cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   4. We won't survive unless we start working on cleaner, safer sources of energy.
3. Heavy rain/ cause/ widespread flooding/ this/ region/ lately.
   1. Heavy rain caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   2. Heavy rain has caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   3. Heavy rain had caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
   4. Heavy rain was caused widespread flooding in this region lately.
4. man/ sentence/ 15 years/ prison/ he prove/ guilty.
   1. The man will get a sentence for himself to 15 years in prison if he proves himself guilty.
   2. The man was sentenced about 15 years in prison and proved himself guilty.
   3. The man was sentenced to 15 years in prison because he had been proved guilty.
   4. The man should make his final sentence after 15 years in prison as he proved himself guilty.
5. If/ you/ not help/ II not meet/ her/ last week. .
   1. If you don't help me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   2. If you' didn't help me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   3. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't meet her last week.
   4. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have met her last week

Exercise 4: Identify the one underlined word or phrase - A, B, C or D - that must be changed for the sentence to be correct.

1. Mainly because of the recent health scares involving beef and chicken, the number

A B

of vegetarians are expected to rise dramatically in the next five years. (is expected)

C D

1. Rita asked me why didn't I ask for my money back if I wasunhappy with my new

A B C D

car. (I didn’t)

1. Do you have any view on whether young children should give homework from

A B C D

school? (be given)

1. If Rudy would have studied German in college, he would not have found

A B

the scientific terminology so difficult to understand. (had studied)

C D

1. The United States has a younger population as most other major industrial countries.

A B (than) C D