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PHẦN 1

UNIT 10: READING & VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY

1. Phrases and Structures
2. On the verge of extinction: trên bờ vực tuyệt chủng
3. Drive many species to the verge of extinction: đẩy nhiều loài đến bờ vực tuyệt chủng
4. Have a great influence on Sb/ Sth: Có ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ lên ai/ cái gì Human beings have a great influence on the rest of the world.
5. By Ving: Bằng cách nào đó

They are changing the world by cutting down trees in the forests.

1. In all respects: trên mọi phương diện
2. Result in: gây ra
3. Be in danger: Gặp nguy hiểm
4. Make efforts: nỗ lực=> Efforts are made.
5. Set up: thành lập

Interfere with: làm phiền, can thiệp.

1. Produce offspring: tạo ra thế hệ con
2. Peacefully co-exist: cùng chung sống hòa bình

Reading

Loài người chỉ là một loài nhỏ trong thế giới sinh vật. Nhiều loài khác tồn tại trên hành tinh này. Tuy nhiên, con người có ảnh hưởng lớn đến phần còn lại của thế giới. Họ đang thay đổi môi trường bằng cách xây dựng thành phố và làng mạc ở nơi trước kia từng là rừng. Họ đang ảnh hưởng đến nguồn cung cấp nước bằng cách sử dụng nước cho công nghiệp và nông nghiệp. Họ đang thay đổi tình trạng thời tiết bằng việc chặt cây cối trong các khu rừng. Và họ đang phá hủy không khí bằng cách thải các chất gây ô nhiễm vào không khí.

Có thể nói rằng con người thay đổi môi trường trên mọi phương diện thông qua các hành động của họ và thói quen của họ. Điều này đã dẫn đến hai hậu quả nghiêm trọng. Đầu tiên là nhiều loài động vật quý hiếm bị giết. Thứ hai là môi trường nơi mà các loài động vật đang sinh sống bị phá hủy nặng. Kết quá là, số lượng các loài động vật quý hiếm đang giảm rất nhanh chóng, chúng đang có nguy cơ bị tuyệt chủng.

Để đảm bảo rằng các loài động vật quý hiếm này không biến mất, những nỗ lực đã được thực hiện để bảo vệ môi trường mà chúng đang sống. Các nhà khoa học đã

lập danh sách các loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng và đưa ra các giải pháp để cứu chúng.

Nhiều tổ chức đã được thành lập và nhiều quỹ được xây dựng. Hàng ngàn các công viên quốc gia trên toàn thế giới đã được thiết lập để bảo vệ động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt

chủng. Luật pháp được đưa ra để cấm việc giết hại động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng và sự tàn phá của môi trường nơi chúng sinh sống.

Nếu sự can thiệp của người dân với môi trường giảm, nhiều loài sẽ sống sót và sinh sản nhiều hơn. Trái đất sẽ là một hành tinh hạnh phúc nơi con người động vật và thực vật cùng chung sống một cách hòa bình.

UNIT 10: READING & VOCABULARY

(Bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

1. Many birds didn't...... the severe winter.
2. Animals shouldn't be...... for recreation arid entertainment.
3. The health of our children are being...... by exhaust fumes.
4. The factory was fined for...... chemicals into the river.
5. The explosion...... a flock of birds roosting in the trees.
6. Laws have been introduced to...... killing endangered animals.
7. The air in the city is heavily...... with traffic fumes.
8. The government should do more to...... the environment.
9. It is possible for local wildlife to...... with industry.
10. Western India was...... by a huge earthquake

Exercise 3. Complete each of the sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1. A number of rare animals are now in danger...... extinction.
2. If people's interference...... the environment decreases, more species will survive and produce offspring.
3. The government should do more to protect rare animals...... being extinct.
4. She believes there is life...... other planets.
5. The EU has imposed a ban...... the import of seal skins.
6. People are destroying the air by adding pollutants...... it.
7. Human beings are responsible...... the changes in the environment.
8. They are changing weather conditions by cutting...... trees in the forests.
9. National parks should be set...... to save animals and plants.
10. Raw sewage was discharged the treatment plant directly...... the river.

Exercise 4. Read the text below and decide which answer- a, b, c or d - best fits each space.

In the 1972 the Australian government (1) a quota system which

allowed a (n) (2)

number of kangaroos to be killed or 'culled' every year.

Legislation was introduced because farmers claimed that the kangaroos were (3)

their crops. The problem is that (4) two and a half million kangaroos can be killed legally each year, a further two and a half million are killed illegally. The animals are killed for a variety of (5) . The main one, however, is that

kangaroo meat is sold for human (6) usually in the (7) _ of steaks - or is

Exercise 5. Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

The natural world is under violent assault from man.

The seas and rivers are being poisoned by radioactive wastes, by chemical discharges and by the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage. The air we breathe is polluted by smoke and fumes from factories and motor vehicles; even the rain is poisoned.

It's little wonder forests and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere wildlife is disappearing. Yet the destruction continues.

Governments and industries throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to extract the earth's mineral riches and to plunder its living resources. The great

rainforests and the frozen continents alike are seriously threatened. And this despite the warnings of the scientific community and the deep concern of millions of ordinary people.

Despite the fact, too, that we can create environmentally-clean industries, harness the power of the sun, wind and waves for our energy needs and manage the finite resources of the Earth in a way that will safeguard our future and protect all the rich variety of life forms which share this planet with us.

But there is still hope. The forces of destruction are being challenged across the globe

• • and at the spearhead of this challenge is Greenpeace.

Wherever the environment is in danger, Greenpeace has made a stand.

Its scientific presentations and peaceful direct actions at sea and on land have shocked governments and industri1es into an awareness that Greenpeace will not allow the natural world to be destroyed. Those actions, too, have won the admiration and support of millions.

Now you can strengthen the thin green line; you can make your voice heard in defence of the living world by joining Greenpeace today. Thank God someone's making waves.

1. Which of these statements is not made?
   1. Drinking water is polluted. B. Radioactive waste poisons the sea.

C. Sewage isn't processed. D. Cars and factories poison the air. 2. The writer............

1. is surprised that the rain is poisoned.
2. is unsure why the air is polluted.
3. wonders why the natural world is being destroyed.
4. understands why forests and lakes are being destroyed.
5. Rainforests are being destroyed because governments and industries.......
   1. are unaware of what they're doing wrong.
   2. are rich and powerful.
   3. choose to ignore criticism.
   4. basically care about the environment.
6. The earth's resources..........
   1. should only be for people
   2. can be made to last longer.
   3. will last forever.
   4. belong to just humans and animals
7. Governments and industries............
   1. don't know what Greenpeace thinks.
   2. are forced to understand the problems by Greenpeace.
   3. can easily ignore Greenpeace.
   4. misunderstand what Greenpeace thinks.

UNIT 10: READING & VOCABULARY

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. PRONUNCIATION

Choose the word that has the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others.

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb inthe list.

1. Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
2. Animals shouldn't be captured for recreation arid entertainment.
3. The health of our children are being endangered by exhaust fumes.
4. The factory was fined for discharging chemicals into the river.
5. The explosion scattered a flock of birds roosting in the trees.
6. Laws have been introduced to prohibit killing endangered animals,
7. The air in the city is heavily polluted with traffic fumes.
8. The government should do more to protect the environment.
9. It is possible for local wildlife to coexist with industry.
10. Western India was devastated by a huge earthquake.

Exercise 3. Complete each of the sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1. A number of rare animals are now in danger of extinction.
2. If people's interference in the environment decreases, more species will survive and produce offspring.
3. The government should do more to protect rare animals from being extinct.
4. She believes there is life on other planets.
5. The EU has imposed a ban on the import of seal skins.
6. People are destroying the air by adding pollutants to it.
7. Human beings are responsible for the changes in the environment.
8. They are changing weather conditions by cutting down trees in the forests.
9. National parks should be set up to save animals and plants.
10. Raw sewage was discharged from the treatment plant directly into the river.

Exercise 4. Read the text below and decide which answer- a, b, c or d - best fits each space.

In the 1972 the Australian government (1) a quota system which allowed a (n) (2) number of kangaroos to be killed or 'culled' every year. Legislation was introduced because farmers claimed that the kangaroos were (3)

their crops. The problem is that (4) two and a half million kangaroos can be killed legally each year, a further two and a half million are killed illegally. The animals are killed for a variety of (5) . The main one, however, is that kangaroo meat is sold for human (6) usually in the (7) _ of steaks - or is used as pet food. There are also thousands of dollars to be made (8) _ the sale of their skins. The environmental group Greenpeace and Australia's Animal Liberation (AAL) are now campaigning for a ban (9) the sale of all kangaroo products. They (10) _ that this will stop unscrupulous farmers killing the animal for (11)

. A spokesperson for AAL said, ‘People aren't concerned because there are still

(12) six million kangaroos in Australia so they are (13) an endangered species. People just don't care about (14) like this unless there is a real threat. But we know certain types have already become extinct in some areas. We must act now (15) _ it is too late.

Exercise 5. Read the passage carefully, then choose the correct answers.

The natural world is under violent assault from man.

The seas and rivers are being poisoned by radioactive wastes, by chemical discharges and by the dumping of dangerous toxins and raw sewage. The air we breathe is polluted by smoke and fumes from factories and motor vehicles; even the rain is poisoned.

It's little wonder forests and lakes are being destroyed and everywhere wildlife is disappearing. Yet the destruction continues.

Governments and industries throughout the world are intensifying their efforts to extract the earth's mineral riches and to plunder its living resources. The great rainforests and the frozen continents alike are seriously threatened. And this despite the warnings of the scientific community and the deep concern of millions of ordinary people.

Despite the fact, too, that we can create environmentally-clean industries, harness the power of the sun, wind and waves for our energy needs and manage the finite resources of the Earth in a way that will safeguard our future and protect all the rich variety of life forms which share this planet with us.

But there is still hope. The forces of destruction are being challenged across the globe

• • and at the spearhead of this challenge is Greenpeace.

Wherever the environment is in danger, Greenpeace has made a stand.

Its scientific presentations and peaceful direct actions at sea and on land have shocked governments and industri1es into an awareness that Greenpeace will not allow the natural world to be destroyed. Those actions, too, have won the admiration and support of millions.

Now you can strengthen the thin green line; you can make your voice heard in defence of the living world by joining Greenpeace today. Thank God someone's making waves.

1. Which of these statements is not made?
   1. Drinking water is polluted. B. Radioactive waste poisons the sea.

C. Sewage isn't processed. D. Cars and factories poison the air. 2. The writer............

1. is surprised that the rain is poisoned.
2. is unsure why the air is polluted.
3. wonders why the natural world is being destroyed.
4. understands why forests and lakes are being destroyed.
5. Rainforests are being destroyed because governments and industries.......
   1. are unaware of what they're doing wrong.
   2. are rich and powerful.
   3. choose to ignore criticism.
   4. basically care about the environment.
6. The earth's resources..........
   1. should only be for people
   2. can be made to last longer.
   3. will last forever.
   4. belong to just humans and animals
7. Governments and industries............
   1. don't know what Greenpeace thinks.
   2. are forced to understand the problems by Greenpeace.
   3. can easily ignore Greenpeace.
   4. misunderstand what Greenpeace thinks.

PHẦN 2

UNIT 10: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

PHONETICS.

Practice /sl/, /sm/, /sn/ /sw/.

VOCABULARY

Task 1. Work in pairs. Below are some reasons why nature is threatened. Put them in the order of importance.

• • • killing endangered animals for fur, skin and food: giêt hại các loài động vật đang trong nguy cơ tuyệt chủng để lấy lông, da và thức ăn.
• keeping animals as pets: nuôi động vật quý làm cảnh, thú cưng
• hunting or capturing animals for recreation or entertainment: săn hoặc bắt các loài động vật để tiêu khiển và giải trí
• burning forests: đốt rừng
• cutting down trees for wood: chặt cây để lấy củi
• using fertilizers and pesticides for cultivation: dùng phân bón và các thuốc trừ sâu trong trồng trọt
• discharging chemical pollutants into the environment: thải ra những chất hóa học gây ô nhiễm môi trường
  1. Burning forests.
  2. Cutting down trees for wood.
  3. Discharging chemical pollutants into the environment.
  4. Using fertilizers and pesticides for cultivation.
  5. Killing endangered animals for fur, skin and food.
  6. Hunting or capturing animals for recreation or entertainment.
  7. Keeping animals as pets.

Task 2. Match the reasons in Task 1 with possible measures for protecting the environment below.

1. Burning forests.
2. Cutting down trees for wood
3. Discharging chemical pollutants into the environment.
4. Using fertilizers and pesticides for cultivation.
5. Killing endangered animals for fur, skin and food.
6. Hunting or capturing animals for recreation or entertainment.
7. Keeping animals as pets.
   1. Killing endangered animals for fur, skin and food should be banned.
   2. Planting trees should be encouraged.
   3. Keeping animals as pets should be discouraged.
   4. Zoos and national parks should be established to save animals and plants.
   5. Animals should not be captured for recreation and entertainment.
   6. All kinds of animals and plant should be protected.
   7. Discharging chemical pollutants into the environment should be prohibited.
   8. Decreasing the use of fertilizers and pesticides for farming should be encouraged.

Key: 1.2-B 3. G 4. H 5.A/D/F 6. E 7 . C

LISTENING.

TAPESCRIPT

In many parts of the United States, large areas of land have been made into national parks to protect and preserve the natural beauty of the land. National parks usually contain a variety of scenic features, such as mountains, caves, lakes, rare animals and plants. Today, there are 52 national parks in the United States, covering approximately 3 per cent of the total land area of the country. National parks are open to the public and have millions of visitors every year.

Many national parks, however, are in danger of being destroyed. Rare animals in national parks are killed or hunted for fur, skin or other parts. Trees are cut down for wood. Large areas of national parks also have experience of being on fire fires caused by careless people. The increasing number of visitors is harming the parks due to the pollution from their vehicles.

If these problems are not solved immediately, and if there is not enough money for the parks’ staff and maintenance of their resources, many national parks will be completely destroyed.

Task 1. Listen to the passage and decide if the following statements are True or False.

1. National parks protect and preserve the natural beauty of the land. T
2. They usually contain a variety of scenic features. F
3. All national parks are in danger of being destroyed. T
4. Large areas of national parks can be destroyed by fire. T
5. Visitors do not help to preserve and protect national parks. T Task 2. Listen again and answer the questions.
6. How many national parks are there in the United States?

=> There are 52 national parks in the United States.

1. How many people visit national parks every year?

=> Millions of people visit national parks every year.

1. Can you name some problems which national parks are facing currently?

=> Rare animals are killed or hunted for fur. Trees are cut down for wood.

Forest fires.

Pollution from visitors’ vehicles.

1. What should be done to protect them?

=> Rare animals and trees should be protected. Fires caused by careless people should be limited. Pollution from their vehicles should be decreased.

Money should be raised for the parks' staff and maintenance of their sources

UNIT 10: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Choose the word or phrase A, B, C, or Dthat best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase.

1. What exactly is the influence of air pollution...... human beings?
   1. to B. with C. on D. for
2. The campaign will hopefully ensure the survival...... the tiger.
   1. of B. for C. to D. on
3. It is possible for local wildlife to coexist...... industry.
   1. to B. of C. in D. with
4. The health of our children is being...... by exhaust fumes.
   1. danger B. endanger C. dangerous D. endangered
5. The society was set up to...... endangered species from extinction.
   1. prevent B. distinguish C. preserve D. survive
6. If people stop destroying animal's natural habitat, more species will survive and produce.......
   1. offspring B. ecology C. landscape D. benefit
7. People in this region cultivate mainly rice and vegetables.
   1. destroy B. grow C. develop D. support
8. Among the problems facing the national park's manager, the most serious ones are those of...... and expansion.
   1. improvement B. reassessment C. distinction D. maintenance
9. Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.
   1. powerful B. significant C. disastrous D. detectable
10. The factory was fined for...... chemicals into the river.
    1. discharging B. dumping C. producing D. exposing

Exercise 2. Choose the word or phrase A, B, C, or D that best completes the sentence.

1. Jean Fragonard was a French artist...... portrait of children.
   1. whose paintings B. who has painted

C. who painted D. whose painted

1. The smoke from burning fuels causes pollution if it...... into the atmosphere.
   1. releases B. is released

C. will be released D. released.

1. Portland, Maine, is...... the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow spent his early years.
   1. where B. it where

C. where is D. which is where

1. Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment.......
   1. that the birds live B. where the birds live in

C. which live the birds D. in which the birds live

1. Wild animals...... in their natural habitat will have a better and longer life than those which are kept in protected areas.
   1. live B. to live C. living D. lived
2. There should be some measures to protect the humpback whale,...... an endangered species.
   1. to consider B. considered C. consider D. is considered
3. We should participate in the movement...... to conserve the natural environment.
   1. organized B. to organize C. organizing D. organize
4. The purchase of wild animals.......
   1. should ban B. must ban

C. have to be banned D. must be banned

1. The school has been given 20 computers, half of...... are brand new.
   1. that B. those C. them D. which
2. The computer,...... the memory capacity has just been upgraded, is among the latest generations.
   1. that B. whose C. of which D. which of

Exercise 3. Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D –that needs correcting.

1. Despite of a language barrier, humans have managed to communicate with others

A B C

through sign language, in which certain motions stand for letters, words, or ideas.

D

1. Radio stations at which broadcast only news first appeared in the 1970s.

A B C D

1. JKL Motorbikes sells six different models, the first which they started making

A B C D

in 1985.

1. Visitors were not permitted entering the park after dark because of the lack of

A B C D

security and lighting.

1. If Monique had not attended the party, she never would meet her old friend Dan,

A B

whom she had not seen in years.

C D

Exercise 4. Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from the others.

Exercise 5. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d -that best completes the sentence.

1. The government is thinking of bringing a law to prohibit the killing of endangered animals.
   1. on B. up C. in D. round
2. In some countries environmental organizations have been to inform people and gain their support.
   1. made up B. set up C. brought up D. taken up
3. We continue to _ rainforests and increase the dangers of global warming.
   1. cut off B. cut in C. cut out D. cut down
4. In some countries there have been widespread demands for the of seal hunting.
   1. extinction B. disappearance C. abolition D. establishment
5. Some people have a more attitude towards animals than they do towards children.
   1. human B. humane C. humanized D. humanistic
6. _ aren't effective anymore because insects have become resistant to them.
   1. Fertilizers B. Pesticides C. Herbicides D. Composts
7. They started a campaign to smoking among teenagers.
   1. encourage B. decrease C. discourage D. prohibit
8. If we do not take steps to protect the world's wild life, many species of birds and animals are likely to completely.
   1. die out B. die down C. die away D. die from
9. The Earth will be a planet where' human beings, animals and plants live in peaceful .
   1. cooperation B. coordination C. corporation D. coexistence
10. Overharvesting brought North American alligators to _ in their natural habitats.
    1. nearly extinct B. near extinction

C. extinct near D. extinction nearly

UNIT 10: SPEAKING AND LISTENING

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Choose the word or phrase A, B, C, or Dthat best completes the sentence or substitutes for the underlined word or phrase.

1. What exactly is the influence of air pollution...... human beings?
   1. to B. with C. on D. for
2. The campaign will hopefully ensure the survival...... the tiger.
   1. of B. for C. to D. on
3. It is possible for local wildlife to coexist...... industry.
   1. to B. of C. in D. with
4. The health of our children is being...... by exhaust fumes.
   1. danger B. endanger C. dangerous D. endangered
5. The society was set up to...... endangered species from extinction.
   1. prevent B. distinguish C. preserve D. survive
6. If people stop destroying animal's natural habitat, more species will survive and produce.......
   1. offspring B. ecology C. landscape D. benefit
7. People in this region cultivate mainly rice and vegetables.
   1. destroy B. grow C. develop D. support
8. Among the problems facing the national park's manager, the most serious ones are those of...... and expansion.
   1. improvement B. reassessment C. distinction D. maintenance
9. Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.
   1. powerful B. significant C. disastrous D. detectable
10. The factory was fined for...... chemicals into the river.
    1. discharging B. dumping C. producing D. exposing

Exercise 2. Choose the word or phrase A, B, C, or D that best completes the sentence.

1. Jean Fragonard was a French artist...... portrait of children.
   1. whose paintings B. who has painted

C. who painted D. whose painted

1. The smoke from burning fuels causes pollution if it...... into the atmosphere.
   1. releases B. is released

C. will be released D. released.

1. Portland, Maine, is...... the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow spent his early years.
   1. where B. it where

C. where is D. which is where

1. Walkers can unwittingly damage the fragile environment.......
   1. that the birds live B. where the birds live in

C. which live the birds D. in which the birds live

1. Wild animals...... in their natural habitat will have a better and longer life than those which are kept in protected areas.
   1. live B. to live C. living D. lived
2. There should be some measures to protect the humpback whale,...... an endangered species.
   1. to consider B. considered C. consider D. is considered
3. We should participate in the movement...... to conserve the natural environment.
   1. organized B. to organize C. organizing D. organize
4. The purchase of wild animals.......
   1. should ban B. must ban

C. have to be banned D. must be banned

1. The school has been given 20 computers, half of...... are brand new.
   1. that B. those C. them D. which
2. The computer,...... the memory capacity has just been upgraded, is among the latest generations.
   1. that B. whose C. of which D. which of

Exercise 3. Choose word or phrase - A, B, C or D –that needs correcting.

1. Despite of a language barrier, humans have managed to communicate with others

A (Despite) B C

through sign language, in which certain motions stand for letters, words, or ideas.

D

1. Radio stations at which broadcast only news first appeared in the 1970s.

A (which) B C D

1. JKL Motorbikes sells six different models, the first which they started making

A(of which) B C D

in 1985.

1. Visitors were not permitted entering the park after dark because of the lack of

A B (to enter) C D security and lighting.

1. If Monique had not attended the party, she never would meet her old friend Dan,

A B (would have never met)

whom she had not seen in years.

C D

Exercise 4. Choose the word that has the main stress placed differently from the others.

Exercise 5. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d -that best completes the sentence.

1. The government is thinking of bringing a law to prohibit the killing of endangered animals.
   1. on B. up C. in D. round
2. In some countries environmental organizations have been to inform people and gain their support.
   1. made up B. set up C. brought up D. taken up
3. We continue to _ rainforests and increase the dangers of global warming.
   1. cut off B. cut in C. cut out D. cut down
4. In some countries there have been widespread demands for the of seal hunting.
   1. extinction B. disappearance C. abolition D. establishment
5. Some people have a more attitude towards animals than they do towards children.
   1. human B. humane C. humanized D. humanistic
6. _ aren't effective anymore because insects have become resistant to them.
   1. Fertilizers B. Pesticides C. Herbicides D. Composts
7. They started a campaign to smoking among teenagers.
   1. encourage B. decrease C. discourage D. prohibit
8. If we do not take steps to protect the world's wild life, many species of birds and animals are likely to completely.
   1. die out B. die down C. die away D. die from
9. The Earth will be a planet where' human beings, animals and plants live in peaceful .
   1. cooperation B. coordination C. corporation D. coexistence
10. Overharvesting brought North American alligators to _ in their natural habitats.
    1. nearly extinct B. near extinction

C. extinct near D. extinction nearly

PHẦN 3

UNIT 10: GRAMMAR

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

UNIT 10. NATURE IN DANGER

Lesson 3. Grammar PREPOSITION IN RELATIVE CLAUSE.

Giới từ đi với MĐQH

1. Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ là Whom và which thường có giới từ đi kèm và giới từ có thể đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.

Eg1. The man about whom you are talking is my brother. The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother.

Eg2. The picture at which you are looking is very expensive. The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive.

Chú ý.

-Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ ĐTQH và có thể dùng that thay cho whom và which trong MĐQH xác định.

-Khi giới từ đứng trước thì ta không thể bỏ ĐTQH và không thể dùng that thay cho whom và which.

1. Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ. all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much,

+ of which/whom

Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.

He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.

They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.

There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.

UNIT 10: GRAMMAR

(Bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Join the sentence halvesusing which or whom after an appropriate preposition.

the furniture is to be delivered. you should be aware.

I had great respect. I look up.

most world trade was conducted. the printer was supplied.

she was divorced in 1995. it was named.

we went on holiday.

it was primarily written.

1. My English teacher, Mrs. Brookes, was someone...............
2. Until 1914 the pound sterling was the currency.............
3. They have changed the date.........
4. Pasteurisation was discovered by the French chemist Louis Pasteur,........
5. There are a number of safety procedures.....................
6. Details are in the instruction manual.........................
7. Ms. Peters was left the money by her former husband........... 8. She is one of the few people...............................
8. This is a photograph of our friends...........................
9. The book is enjoyed by adults as well as children.............

Exercise 2. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c, or d - that best completes the sentence.

1. The environmentalists hope the forest to its former condition.
   1. to restore B. restoring

C. restored D. having restored

1. Several cars owners had parked them under the trees, were damaged.
   1. their B. of which C. whom D. whose
2. My English teacher, Mrs Brookes, was someone I had great respect.
   1. that B. whom C. for who D. for whom
3. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach _ anymore.
   1. doesn't exist B. isn't going to exist

C. isn’t existing D won't be existing

1. She joined the local tennis club,

_ were at least 60.

• 1. most of its members B. most whose members

C. most of whose members D. most members

1. Since 1950 the world

nearly one-fifth of the top soil from its agricultural

land and onefifth of its tropical forests.

• 1. was losing B. is losing C. had been lost D. has lost

1. A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation, _
   1. that offense may cause B. which may cause offense

C. those may cause offense D. for which may cause offense

1. So thick and rich of Illimois that early settlers there were unable to force a plow through it.
   1. as the soil B. the soil was C. was the soil D. the soil
2. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, , had a major influence on the lives of people in the 20th century.
   1. awarded the Nobel Prize
   2. which awarded the Nobel Prize
   3. that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for
   4. for which he was awarded the Nobel.Prize
3. _ think of metallurgy as a modern field of science, but it is actually one of the oldest.
   1. Although many people B. Many people

C. Many people who D. That many people

Exercise 3. Complete each of the sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1. A number of rare animals are now in danger...... extinction.
2. If people's interference...... the environment decreases, more species will survive and produce offspring.
3. The government should do more to protect rare animals...... being extinct.
4. She believes there is life...... other planets.
5. The EU has imposed a ban...... the import of seal skins.
6. People are destroying the air by adding pollutants...... it.
7. Human beings are responsible...... the changes in the environment.
8. They are changing weather conditions by cutting...... trees in the forests.
9. National parks should be set...... to save animals and plants.
10. Raw sewage was discharged the treatment plant directly...... the river.

Exercise 4. Combine the,following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary.

1. Her many friends gave her encouragement. I like to be considered among them. Her many friends.......................................
2. Her father died last year. She looked after him for over twenty years. Her father.............................................
3. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed. The bed...............................................
4. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box. There wasn't...........................................
5. I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed. The chair..............................................
6. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him. Mr Smith...............................................
7. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable. I......................................................
8. Graham took us to his office. It was filled with books. The office...............................................
9. Mr Marks is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. The stream flows across his farm.

Mr Marks...............................................

1. They picked up five boat-loads of refugees. Some of them had been at sea for several months.

They..................................................

1. Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress.

Tom....................................................

1. The people didn't know French. He was speaking to these people. The people...............................................
2. Mr Jones was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him. Mr Jones................................................
3. The Roman coins are now on display in the National Museum. A local farmer came across them in a field.

The Roman coins..........................................

1. Professor Johnson is to visit the University next week. I have long looked up to him

Professor Johnson.........................................

UNIT 10: GRAMMAR

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Join the sentence halvesusing which or whom after an appropriate preposition.

the furniture is to be delivered. you should be aware.

I had great respect. I look up.

most world trade was conducted. the printer was supplied.

she was divorced in 1995. it was named.

we went on holiday.

it was primarily written.

1. My English teacher, Mrs Brookes, was someone for whom I had great respect.
2. Until 1914 the pound sterling was the currency in/ with which most world trade was conducted.
3. They have changed the date on/ by which the furniture is to be delivered.
4. Pasteurisation was discovered by the French chemist Louis Pasteur, after whom it was named.
5. There are a number of safety procedures of which you should be aware.
6. Details are in the instruction manual with which the printer was supplied.
7. Ms. Peters was left the money by her former husband, from whom she was divorced in 1995.
8. She is one of the few people to whom I look up.
9. This is a photograph of our friends with whom we went on holiday.
10. The book is enjoyed by adults as well as children, for whom it was primarily written.

Exercise 2. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c, or d - that best completes the sentence.

1. The environmentalists hope the forest to its former condition.
   1. to restore B. restoring

C. restored D. having restored

1. Several cars owners had parked them under the trees, were damaged.
   1. their B. of which C. whom D. whose
2. My English teacher, Mrs Brookes, was someone I had great respect.
   1. that B. whom C. for who D. for whom
3. If coastal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years

this beach _

anymore.

• 1. doesn't exist B. isn't going to exist

C. isn’t existing D won't be existing

1. She joined the local tennis club, _ were at least 60.
   1. most of its members B. most whose members

C. most of whose members D. most members

1. Since 1950 the world nearly one-fifth of the top soil from its agricultural land and onefifth of its tropical forests.
   1. was losing B. is losing C. had been lost D. has lost
2. A lack of cross-cultural awareness can result in misinterpretation, _
   1. that offense may cause B. which may cause offense

C. those may cause offense D. for which may cause offense

1. So thick and rich of Illimois that early settlers there were unable to force a plow through it.
   1. as the soil B. the soil was C. was the soil D. the soil
2. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, , had a major influence on the lives of people in the 20th century.
   1. awarded the Nobel Prize
   2. which awarded the Nobel Prize
   3. that he was awarded the Nobel Prize for
   4. for which he was awarded the Nobel.Prize
3. _ think of metallurgy as a modern field of science, but it is actually one of the oldest.
   1. Although many people B. Many people

C. Many people who D. That many people

Exercise 3. Complete each of the sentences with an appropriate preposition.

1. A number of rare animals are now in danger of extinction.
2. f people's interference in the environment decreases, more species will survive and produce off-spring.
3. The government should do more to protect rare animals from being extinct.
4. She believes there is life on other planets.
5. The EU has imposed a ban on the import of seal skins.
6. People are destroying the air by adding pollutants to it.
7. Human beings are responsible for the changes in the environment.
8. They are changing weather conditions by cutting down trees in the forests.
9. National parks should be set up to save animals and plants.
10. Raw sewage was discharged from the treatment plant directly into the river.

Exercise 4. Combine the,following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary.

1. Her many friends gave her encouragement. I like to be considered among them. Her many friends, among whom I like to be considered, gave her encouragement.
2. Her father died last year. She looked after him for over twenty years. Her father, who she looked after for over twenty years, died last year.
3. The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed.

The bed (which/that) I sleep on has no mattress./ The bed on which I sleep has no mattress

1. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box. There wasn't any directory in the telephone box, (which/that) I was phoning from.
2. I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed.

The chair (which/that) I was sitting on suddenly collapsed./ The chair on which I was sitting suddenly collapsed.

1. Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him. Mr Smith, whom I had come specially to see, was too busy to speak to me.
2. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable. I saw several houses, most of which were quite unsuitable.
3. Graham took us to his office. It was filled with books.

The office (that/which) Graham took us to was filled with books.

1. Mr Marks is unhappy about the plans for the new dam. The stream flows across his farm.

Mr Marks, whose farm the stream flows across, is unhappy about the plans for the new dam./Mr Marks, across whose farm the stream flows,…

1. They picked up five boat-loads of refugees. Some of them had been at sea for several months.

They picked up five boat-loads of refugees, some of which had been at sea for several months.

1. Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress.

Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests, most of whom were wearing evening dress.

1. The people didn't know French. He was speaking to these people.

The people (who(m)/ that) he was speaking to didn't know French./ The people to whom he was speaking didn't know French.

1. Mr Jones was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him.

Mr Jones, who(m) I was working for, was very generous about overtime payments./Mr Jones, for whom I was working, was very generous...

1. The Roman coins are now on display in the National Museum. A local farmer came across them in a field.

The Roman coins, which a local farmer came across in a field, are now on display in the National Museum.

1. Professor Johnson is to visit the University next week. I have long looked up to him

Professor Johnson, who(m) I have long looked up to, is to visit the University next week.! Professor Johnson, to whom I have long looked up...

PHẦN 4

UNIT 10: WRITING

(Tài liệu bài giảng)

VOCABULARY

Sample Writing.

Cat Ba National Park, which was declared as a national park in 1985, is situated on Cat Ba island, 120km from Hanoi and 20 km east of Hai Phong.

Cat Ba National Park is the only site in Vietnam endowed with both tropical forests and coastal waters with white sand beaches, abundant natural resources, beautiful landscapes and many kinds of rare animals and plants. It covers 15,200 ha.

Cat Ba National Park preserves approximately 300 species of fish, 40 kinds of animals. 150 different birds and 620 species of plants.

The stone tools and human bones found in the island’s limestone caves reveal that people inhabited there at least 6,000 years ago.

UNIT 10: WRITING

(Bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Choose the sentence A, B, C or D which in closest in meaning to the printed sentence.

• 1. The children made every effort to please their parents.
     1. The children made little effort to please their parents.
     2. The children tried their best to please their parents.
     3. The parents were pleased with their children's effort.
     4. The children made no attempt to please their parents.
  2. Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution.
     1. Scientists blame air pollution for the destruction of forests.
     2. Scientists are blamed for destroying forests.
     3. Scientists say that there's much air pollution in the forests.
     4. Forests are being destroyed by scientists.
  3. I would be very grateful if you could send me the document.
     1. I would appreciate your sending me the document.
     2. I was very grateful for your document.
     3. I'm upset about your not sending me the document.
     4. Do not send me the document, please.
  4. 'You should have finished the report by now.' John told his secretary.
     1. John reproached his secretary for not having finished the report.
     2. John said that his secretary had not finished the report.
     3. John reminded his secretary of finishing the report on time.
     4. John scolded his secretary for not having finished the.report.
  5. That young man is bound to fail in this test.
     1. Certainly, that young man will fail in this test.
     2. It would be impossible for that young man to fail this test.
     3. There is no way that young man can succeed in this test.
     4. A and C are correct

Exercise 2. From the four words or phrases - a, b, c or d -choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. The soybean, a plant native to China and Japan, has become _ in the United States farming community.
   1. one of the most popular crops
   2. as one of the most popular crops
   3. only of the most popular crops
   4. one popular crops most are in
2. Declared an endangered species in the United States, _ .
   1. people have gathered the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction
   2. the near extinction of the ginseng root is due to excessive gathering
   3. the ginseng root has been gathered almost to the point of extinction
   4. gathering the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction.
3. Of all the endangered South American birds, the jacana has been _ .
   1. difficult the most to protect
   2. protected the most difficult
   3. to protect the most difficult
   4. the most difficult to protect
4. , Luxor did not reach preeminence until about 2000B.C.E.
   1. Many centuries earlier it was founded
   2. Although founded many centuries earlier
   3. The city founded centuries earlier
   4. Founding the city centuries earlier.
5. Deep in the Rio Bec area of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula .
   1. does a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
   2. lies a 1,250-year-old pyramid
   3. a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
   4. is a 1,250-year-old pyramid lying

Exercise 3. Choose the sentence - a, b, c or d - which is closest in meaning to the original one.

1. The boys must have gone to the sports ground.
   1. The boys insisted on going to the sports ground.
   2. The boys had better go to the sports ground.
   3. The boys were forced to go to the sports ground.
   4. The boys probably went to the sports ground.
2. There aren't many other books which explain this problem so well.
   1. In few other books would one see this problem so well explained.
   2. This book is very well explained and had no problem..
   3. This is the only book which explains the problem so well.
   4. This problem is explained very well in this book as well as in many other books.
3. The meeting was put off because of the pressure of time.
   1. The meeting lasted much longer than usual..
   2. People wanted to get away, so the meeting began early.
   3. The meeting is planned to start in a short time.
   4. There was not enough time to hold the meeting.
4. No one in the family is more sympathetic than Laura.
   1. The people in the house is not sympathetic at all.
   2. Laura is very sympathetic.
   3. Laura is more sympathetic than many people in the house.
   4. Laura is the most sympathetic of all the people in the house
5. Tom would sooner do without a car than pay all that money for one.
   1. Tom is soon going to buy a car.
   2. Tom thinks the price is right, but he can't afford it.
   3. Tom would never buy a car that costs so much.
   4. Tom thinks the price is too high, but he must have the car

Exercise 4. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that needs correcting.

1. Among us students are many foreigners whose attend language classes at the south

A B C D

campus.

1. Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting the

A B C

public to who they are accountable?

D

1. The environment where wild animals are living is now badly destroying.

A B C D

1. AU nations may have to make fundamental changes in their economic, political,

A B

and the technological institutions if they are to preserve the environment.

C D

1. Soon after Mel has finished his thesis, he will leave for Boston, where he has a job

A B C

waiting on him.

D

1. Many of the important products obtained from trees, one of the most important

A B C

is wood pulp, which is used in paper-making.

D

1. Biochemists have solved many of the mysteries about phonosynthesis, the process

A B C

which plants make food.

D

1. Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in our large,

A B C D

industrial cities today

1. The area where a microchip is manufactured must be the most cleanest environment

A B C D

possible.

1. The mining of materials often bring about the destruction of landscapes and

A B C

wildlife habitats.

D

Exercise 5. Write a passage about the tropical rainforest, using the cues given.

The tropical rainforests/ a delight/ people/ love nature. The forests/ beautiful woodlands/ receive/ plenty of rain.

Nowadays/ tropical rainforests/ danger/ extinction. Each year/ millions of acres/ rainforests/ clear/ make way/ population growth/ agriculture. This/ result/ the destruction/ millions of plants. This destruction/ cause/ some types of animals/ lose/ their natural habitat. Because/ this/ many species/ plants/ animals/ become/ extinct.

It/ important/ us/ save/ the tropical rainforests. Once/ tropical rainforest/ destroy/ it/ take/ hundreds of years/ before/ the forest/ re-establish.

UNIT 10: WRITING

(Đáp án bài tập tự luyện)

EXERCISE

Exercise 1. Choose the sentence A, B, C or D which in closest in meaning to the printed sentence.

1. The children made every effort to please their parents.
   1. The children made little effort to please their parents.
   2. The children tried their best to please their parents.
   3. The parents were pleased with their children's effort.
   4. The children made no attempt to please their parents.
2. Scientists say forests are being destroyed by air pollution.
   1. Scientists blame air pollution for the destruction of forests.
   2. Scientists are blamed for destroying forests.
   3. Scientists say that there's much air pollution in the forests.
   4. Forests are being destroyed by scientists.
3. I would be very grateful if you could send me the document.
   1. I would appreciate your sending me the document.
   2. I was very grateful for your document.
   3. I'm upset about your not sending me the document.
   4. Do not send me the document, please.
4. 'You should have finished the report by now.' John told his secretary.
   1. John reproached his secretary for not having finished the report.
   2. John said that his secretary had not finished the report.
   3. John reminded his secretary of finishing the report on time.
   4. John scolded his secretary for not having finished the.report.
5. That young man is bound to fail in this test.
   1. Certainly, that young man will fail in this test.
   2. It would be impossible for that young man to fail this test.
   3. There is no way that young man can succeed in this test.
   4. A and C are correct

Exercise 2. From the four words or phrases - a, b, c or d -choose the one that best completes the sentence.

1. The soybean, a plant native to China and Japan, has become _ in the United States farming community.
   1. one of the most popular crops
   2. as one of the most popular crops
   3. only of the most popular crops
   4. one popular crops most are in
2. Declared an endangered species in the United States, _ .
   1. people have gathered the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction
   2. the near extinction of the ginseng root is due to excessive gathering
   3. the ginseng root has been gathered almost to the point of extinction
   4. gathering the ginseng root almost to the point of extinction.
3. Of all the endangered South American birds, the jacana has been _ .
   1. difficult the most to protect
   2. protected the most difficult
   3. to protect the most difficult
   4. the most difficult to protect
4. , Luxor did not reach preeminence until about 2000B.C.E.
   1. Many centuries earlier it was founded
   2. Although founded many centuries earlier
   3. The city founded centuries earlier
   4. Founding the city centuries earlier.
5. Deep in the Rio Bec area of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula .
   1. does a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
   2. lies a 1,250-year-old pyramid
   3. a 1,250-year-old pyramid lie
   4. is a 1,250-year-old pyramid lying

Exercise 3. Choose the sentence - a, b, c or d - which is closest in meaning to the original one.

1. The boys must have gone to the sports ground.
   1. The boys insisted on going to the sports ground.
   2. The boys had better go to the sports ground.
   3. The boys were forced to go to the sports ground.
   4. The boys probably went to the sports ground.
2. There aren't many other books which explain this problem so well.
   1. In few other books would one see this problem so well explained.
   2. This book is very well explained and had no problem..
   3. This is the only book which explains the problem so well.
   4. This problem is explained very well in this book as well as in many other books.
3. The meeting was put off because of the pressure of time.
   1. The meeting lasted much longer than usual..
   2. People wanted to get away, so the meeting began early.
   3. The meeting is planned to start in a short time.
   4. There was not enough time to hold the meeting.
4. No one in the family is more sympathetic than Laura.
   1. The people in the house is not sympathetic at all.
   2. Laura is very sympathetic.
   3. Laura is more sympathetic than many people in the house.
   4. Laura is the most sympathetic of all the people in the house
5. Tom would sooner do without a car than pay all that money for one.
   1. Tom is soon going to buy a car.
   2. Tom thinks the price is right, but he can't afford it.
   3. Tom would never buy a car that costs so much.
   4. Tom thinks the price is too high, but he must have the car

Exercise 4. Choose the word or phrase - a, b, c or d - that needs correcting.

1. Among us students are many foreigners whose attend language classes at the south

A B C D

campus. (who)

1. Is it right that politicians should make important decisions without consulting the

A B C

public to who they are accountable? (to whom)

D

1. The environment where wild animals are living is now badly destroying.

A B C D (destroyed)

1. AU nations may have to make fundamental changes in their economic, political,

A B

and the technological institutions if they are to preserve the environment

C(technological institutions) D

1. Soon after Mel has finished his thesis, he will leave for Boston, where he has a job

A B C

waiting on him. (for him)

D

1. Many of the important products obtained from trees, one of the most important

A B C

is wood pulp, which is used in paper-making. (Of the many)

D

1. Biochemists have solved many of the mysteries about phonosynthesis, the process

A B C

which plants make food. (the progress by which)

D

1. Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in our large,

A B C D

industrial cities today (is)

1. The area where a microchip is manufactured must be the most cleanest environment

A B C D

possible. (cleanest)

1. The mining of materials often bring about the destruction of landscapes and

A B C

wildlife habitats. (brings about)

D

Exercise 5. Write a passage about the tropical rainforest, using the cues given.

The tropical rainforests/ a delight/ people/ love nature. The forests/ beautiful woodlands/ receive/ plenty of rain.

Nowadays/ tropical rainforests/ danger/ extinction. Each year/ millions of acres/ rainforests/ clear/ make way/ population growth/ agriculture. This/ result/ the destruction/ millions of plants. This destruction/ cause/ some types of animals/ lose/ their natural habitat. Because/ this/ many species/ plants/ animals/ become/ extinct.

It/ important/ us/ save/ the tropical rainforests. Once/ tropical rainforest/ destroy/ it/ take/ hundreds of years/ before/ the forest/ re-establish.

The tropical rainforests are a delight to people who love nature. The forests are beautiful woodlands which receive plenty of rain.

Nowadays, tropical rainforests are in danger of extinction. Each year millions of acres of rainforests are cleared to make way for population growth and agriculture. This results in the destruction of millions of plants. In turn, this destruction causes some types of animals to lose their natural habitat. Because of this, many species of plants and animals are becoming extinct.

It is important for us to save the tropical rainforests. Once a tropical rainforest is destroyed, it will take hundreds of years before the forest can be re- established