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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Question 1. As Omicron has been designated a Variant of Concern, there are several ________ for countries to undertake.

A. act B. actively C. active D. actions

Question 2. “Squid Game” is not appropriate for kids under the age of 17, ________?

A. does it B. is it C. isn’t it D. doesn’t it

Question 3. If something _______electricity, it allows electricity to travel along and through it.

A. carries B. transfers C. conducts D. exchanges

Question 4. Are you a real TikToker? Do you follow “Look to the left” hot trend ________ Tiktok?

A. at B. on C. in D. by

Question 5. After feeling off ________ for days, Tom finally went to see his doctor.

A. food B. color C. fitness D. balance

Question 6. The pop festival passedoffpeacefully the fears of localresidents.

A.despite B.unless C.becauseof D.as longas

Question 7. I bought my parents a______________ samovar when I went abroad on a business trip.

A. small ceramic Russian B. small Russian ceramic

C. ceramic small Russian D. Russian small ceramic

Question 8. When travelling in Europe, we tried to _____ at least an hour in a medieval town to explore it.

A. stop off B. stop out C. stop up D. stop in

Question 9. Sam ______ to hang a picture when he fell off the ladder.

A. was trying B. tried C. had been trying D. has tried

Question 10. I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom ________.

A. after you had got home B. when you got home

C. as soon as you had got home D. by the time you get home

Question 11. The international press has been pouring ______ on Mr.Putin for the army conflict in Ukraine.

A. scorn B. blame C. disapproval D. hatred

Question 12. After suffering severe wounds in the attack, the secret agent decided to ______ his resignation to the commander.

A. give B. apply C. propose D. offer

Question 13. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Parliamentary Forum (APPF)______in Hanoi from January 18th to 21st, 2018.

A. was held B. held C. is held D. holds

Question 14. ________ the forests to make way for farming, local people have to suffer severe floods.

A. Cut down B. Having cut down

C. To cut down D. Being cut down

Question 15. The more time parents spend with their children, ________ they might perform at school.

A. the best B. the better C. best D. better

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.

Question 16.Daisy and Mary are talking in the classroom.

Daisy : “___”

Mary : - “No, I don't live in an English-speaking country, so it's difficult for me tomeet them."

A. Is it important to meet English speakers?

B. Do you ever have any contact with English speakers?

C. Do you like living in an English-speaking country?

D. Is it hard for you to meet English speakers?

Question 17.Nam and Lan are talking about tourism.

Nam: “Do you think tourism helps people in the world understand each other?"Lan: “____”

A. It is important for people in the world to understand each other.

B. Wars may end when people understand each other.

C. People need sympathy to understand each other.

D. Definitely. Tourism helps people to get to know more about different cultures.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.

Question 18. A. envelop B. membership C. cinema D. pollutant

Question 19. A.window B. bookstore C. sofa D. machine

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Question 20. A. changed B. laughed C. ploughed D. broadened

Question 21. A. minor B. rival C. liable D. ritual

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 22.Phosphorus is used in paints for highway signs and markers because it is luminous at night.

A. bright B. adequate C. intensive D. attractive

Question 23.Deforestationmayseriouslyjeopardizethehabitatofmanyspeciesinthelocalarea.

A.setfireto B. make wayfor C.do harm to D.give riseto

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 24. He finally made a clean breast of everything and admitted that he had broken into the art gallery and got away with two valuable paintings.

A. concealed the fact of everything B. revealed the truth of everything

C. exposed the truth to the public D. knew the fact of everything

Question 25.His report was harshly criticized by fellow students because the information was deemed too sensitive to be discussed.

A. gently B. slightly C. softly D. severely

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Question 26.Jim was about to enter the crime scene. He was stopped by a policeman right then.

A. Only after Jim had entered the crime scene was he stopped by a policeman.

B. Were it not for Jim’s intension of entering the crime scene, he would not be stopped by a policeman.

C. Hardly had Jim intended to enter the crime scene when he was stopped by a policeman.

D. Not until was Jim stopped by a policeman that he started to enter the crime scene.

Question 27.Her Internet connection is not stable. She cannot email her assignment.

A. If her Internet connection had been stable, she could have emailed her assignment.

B. If only her Internet connection is stable, so that she could email her assignment.

C. She wishes her Internet connection were stable and she could email her assignment.

D. If her Internet connection were not stable, she couldn’t email her assignment.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Question 28. Yesterday the world witness perhaps the most significant Grand Slam finalin history.

A. the B. witness C. in D. final

Question 29. Those of us who have a family history of heart disease should makeyearly appointments with their doctors.

A. who B. should make C. yearly D. their

Question 30. I would like to facilitate them upon the will they have shown in taking advantage of the opportunity offered.

A. facilitate B. will C. advantage D. offered

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Question 31.It’s possible that Joanna didn’t receive my message.

A. Joanna shouldn’t have received my message. B. Joanna needn’t have received my message.

C. Joanna mightn’t have received my message. D. Joanna can’t have received my message.

Question 32.“It’s a good idea to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.” he said.

A. He denied using Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

B. He suggested using Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

C. He promised to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

D. He refused to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

Question 33.She last checked her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

A. She started checking her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

B. She hasn’t checked her Instagram newsfeed for two days.

C. She didn’t check her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

D. She has checked her Instagram newsfeed for two days.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.

With more COVID-19 vaccines getting approved, and more people being vaccinated throughouttheEUMemberStatesandtheSchengenAreaAssociatecountries,the(34) to restore travel for those vaccinated has alsoincreased.

The so-called ‘vaccination passports’ or ‘vaccination certificates’ have gained huge (35)

in the recent weeks, after several of the Member States warned they would start issuing them to their citizens. ( 36) __________, those who are vaccinated against COVID-19 have proof ofit.

TheideaofsuchdocumentshasbeensupportedevenbytheEuropeanCouncil,though the latter insists that right now it is too early to decide for what those certificates could beused.

Previously, the President of the EU Commission Ursula von der Leyen had supported the idea of common vaccination certificates, which can be created by the EU, and issued by the Member Statesto(37) person who gets vaccinated againstCOVID-19.

Following,findalistofallEUandSchengenareacountriesthathavewarnedthattheyeither planonintroducingthesecertificatesorplantopermitrestriction-freeentryforthose(38) hold such documents, as well as those who have only shown support for the certificates sofar.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions .

Plastic is putting a strain on waste management systems, our oceans, and vulnerable communities the world over. A wave of single-use plastic bans is sweeping the country and the globe—most often on plastic bags, straws, stirrers, and takeout clamshells. Some places are going so far as to ban single-use plastics entirely; most notably, India intends to go this route by 2022. Among the U.S. cities to outlaw plastic straws are Malibu, Berkeley, Seattle, and Miami Beach. Plastic bag bans—ideally accompanied by a fee on paper bags—are also catching on. New York State and Hawaii just passed theirs, set to go into effect in 2020, and California’s bag ban, which was passed in 2014, has been shown to have reduced plastic bag usage by 85 percent (with some customers opting to pay a 10 cent fee for thicker plastic bags) and has reduced coastal pollution.

What do the bans accomplish? They prevent millions of tons of plastic from entering the waste stream each year. And when it comes to waste that lasts forever, every ton counts. In New York, 23 billion plastic bags are used by residents each year. Not only does banning single-use plastic reduce pollution, but it also reduces demand for plastic production that’s contributing to global climate change. But beyond these impacts, the bans have cultural effects. Companies are forced to innovate, rethinking their designs and sourcing sustainable materials. And they help shift consumer mind-sets, as people begin to recognize that exorbitant and avoidable waste is not sustainable.

(Adapted from: https://www.nrdc.org/)

Question 39. Which could be the best title for the passage?

A.Waste Management Systems B.New York State and Hawaii just passed their laws.

C.Should We Ban Single-Use Plastics? D.Companies and Sustainable Materials

Question 40.The word “route” in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A. way B. role C. scene D. hall

Question 41.According to the passage, California’s bag ban ______.

A. will go into effect in 2020 B. has reduced plastic bag usage by 85 percent

C. has increased the use of thicker plastic bags D. has worsened coastal pollution

Question 42.Which of the following is TRUE about single-use plastic ban as stated in the passage?

A. Banning single-use plastic cannot reduce demand for plastic production.

B. It makes New Yorker use 23 billion plastic bags every year.

C. Banning single-use plastic reduces pollution and has cultural effects.

D. It gives companies chances to make more money with sustainable materials.

Question 43.The word “avoidable” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A. available B. acceptable C. reasonable D. preventable

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Culture is a word in common use with complex meanings, and is derived, like the term broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what grows on it. It is directly related to cultivation and the adjectives cultural and cultured are part of the same verbal complex. A person of culture has identifiable attributes, among them a knowledge of and interest in the arts, literature, and music. Yet the word culture does not refer solely to such knowledge and interest nor, indeed, to education. At least from the 19th century onwards, under the influence of anthropologists and sociologists, the word culture has come to be used generally both in the singular and the plural (cultures) to refer to a whole way of life of people, including their customs, laws, conventions, and values.

Distinctions have consequently been drawn between primitive and advanced culture and cultures, between elite and popular culture, between popular and mass culture, and most recently between national and global cultures. Distinctions have been drawn too between culture and civilization; the latter is a word derived not, like culture or agriculture, from the soil, but from the city. The two words are sometimes treated as synonymous. Yet this is misleading. While civilization and barbarism are pitted against each other in what seems to be a perpetual behavioural pattern, the use of the word culture has been strongly influenced by conceptions of evolution in the 19th century and of development in the 20th century. Cultures evolve or develop. They are not static. They have twists and turns. Styles

change. So do fashions. There are cultural processes. What, for example, the word cultured means has changed substantially since the study of classical (that is, Greek and Roman) literature, philosophy, and history ceased in the 20th century to be central to school and university education. No single alternative focus emerged, although with computers has come electronic culture, affecting kinds of study, and most recently digital culture. As cultures express themselves in new forms not everything gets better or more civilized.

The multiplicity of meanings attached to the word made and will make it difficult to define. There is no single, unproblematic definition, although many attempts have been made to establish one. The only non-problematic definitions go back to agricultural meaning (for example, cereal culture or strawberry culture) and medical meaning (for example, bacterial culture or penicillin culture). Since in anthropology and sociology we also acknowledge culture clashes, culture shock, and counter-culture, the range of reference is extremely wide.

Question 44. It can be inferred from the passage that since the 20th century            .

A. classical literature, philosophy, and history have not been taught as core subjects

B. classical literature, philosophy, and history have been considered as core subjects

C. schools and universities have not taught classical literature, philosophy, and history

D. all schools and universities have taught classical literature, philosophy, and history

Question 45. The word “attributes” in paragraph 1 most likely means            .

A. fields      B. qualities      C. skills    D. aspects

Question 46. The word “static” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by “          ”.

A. regular        B. unchanged        C. balanced      D. dense

Question 47. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

A. The word culture can be used to refer to a whole way of life of people.

B. The use of the word culture has been changed since the 19th century.

C. Anthropology and sociology have tried to limit the references to cuture.

D. Distinctions have been drawn between culture and civilization

Question 48. It is difficult to give the definitions of the word culture EXCEPT for its ______.

A. agricultural and medical meanings B. philosophical and historical meanings

C. historical and figurative meanings D. sociological and anthropological meanings

Question 49. Which of the following is NOTTRUE about the word culture?

A. It differs from the word civilization. B. It evolves from agriculture.

C. Its use has been considerably changed. D. It is a word that cannot be defined.

Question 50. The passage mainly discusses_______

A. the distinction between culture and civilization B. the figurative meanings of the word culture

C. the derivatives of the word culture D. the multiplicity of meanings of the word culture

KEYS

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Question 1. As Omicron has been designated a Variant of Concern, there are several ________ for countries to undertake.

A. act B. actively C. active D. actions

Question 2. “Squid Game” is not appropriate for kids under the age of 17, ________?

A. does it B. is it C. isn’t it D. doesn’t it

Question 3. If something _______electricity, it allows electricity to travel along and through it.

A. carries B. transfers C. conducts D. exchanges

Question 4. Are you a real TikToker? Do you follow “Look to the left” hot trend ________ Tiktok?

A. at B. on C. in D. by

Question 5. After feeling off ________ for days, Tom finally went to see his doctor.

A. food B. color C. fitness D. balance

Question 6. The pop festival passedoffpeacefully the fears of localresidents.

A.despite B.unless C.becauseof D.as longas

Question 7. I bought my parents a______________ samovar when I went abroad on a business trip.

A. small ceramic Russian B. small Russian ceramic

C. ceramic small Russian D. Russian small ceramic

Question 8. When travelling in Europe, we tried to _____ at least an hour in a medieval town to explore it.

A. stop off B. stop out C. stop up D. stop in

Question 9. Sam ______ to hang a picture when he fell off the ladder.

A. was trying B. tried C. had been trying D. has tried

Question 10. I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom ________.

A. after you had got home B. when you got home

C. as soon as you had got home D. by the time you get home

Question 11. The international press has been pouring ______ on Mr.Putin for the army conflict in Ukraine.

A. scorn B. blame C. disapproval D. hatred

Question 12. After suffering severe wounds in the attack, the secret agent decided to ______ his resignation to the commander.

A. give B. apply C. propose D. offer

Question 13. The 26th Annual Meeting of the Asia-Pacific Parliamentary Forum (APPF)______in Hanoi from January 18th to 21st, 2018.

A. was held B. held C. is held D. holds

Question 14. ________ the forests to make way for farming, local people have to suffer severe floods.

A. Cut down B. Having cut down

C. To cut down D. Being cut down

Question 15. The more time parents spend with their children, ________ they might perform at school.

A. the best B. the better C. best D. better

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that best completes each of the following exchanges.

Question 16.Daisy and Mary are talking in the classroom.

Daisy : “___”

Mary : - “No, I don't live in an English-speaking country, so it's difficult for me tomeet them."

A. Is it important to meet English speakers?

B. Do you ever have any contact with English speakers?

C. Do you like living in an English-speaking country?

D. Is it hard for you to meet English speakers?

Question 17.Nam and Lan are talking about tourism.

Nam: “Do you think tourism helps people in the world understand each other?"Lan: “____”

A. It is important for people in the world to understand each other.

B. Wars may end when people understand each other.

C. People need sympathy to understand each other.

D. Definitely. Tourism helps people to get to know more about different cultures.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.

Question 18. A. envelop B. membership C. cinema D. pollutant

Question 19. A.window B. bookstore C. sofa D. machine

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Question 20. A. changed B. laughed C. ploughed D. broadened

Question 21. A. minor B. rival C. liable D. ritual

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 22.Phosphorus is used in paints for highway signs and markers because it is luminous at night.

A. bright B. adequate C. intensive D. attractive

Question 23.Deforestationmayseriouslyjeopardizethehabitatofmanyspeciesinthelocalarea.

A.setfireto B. make wayfor C.do harm to D.give riseto

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.

Question 24. He finally made a clean breast of everything and admitted that he had broken into the art gallery and got away with two valuable paintings.

A. concealed the fact of everything B. revealed the truth of everything

C. exposed the truth to the public D. knew the fact of everything

Question 25.His report was harshly criticized by fellow students because the information was deemed too sensitive to be discussed.

A. gently B. slightly C. softly D. severely

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.

Question 26.Jim was about to enter the crime scene. He was stopped by a policeman right then.

A. Only after Jim had entered the crime scene was he stopped by a policeman.

B. Were it not for Jim’s intension of entering the crime scene, he would not be stopped by a policeman.

C. Hardly had Jim intended to enter the crime scene when he was stopped by a policeman.

D. Not until was Jim stopped by a policeman that he started to enter the crime scene.

Question 27.Her Internet connection is not stable. She cannot email her assignment.

A. If her Internet connection had been stable, she could have emailed her assignment.

B. If only her Internet connection is stable, so that she could email her assignment.

C. She wishes her Internet connection were stable and she could email her assignment.

D. If her Internet connection were not stable, she couldn’t email her assignment.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions.

Question 28. Yesterday the world witness perhaps the most significant Grand Slam finalin history.

A. the B. witness C. in D. final

Question 29. Those of us who have a family history of heart disease should makeyearly appointments with their doctors.

A. who B. should make C. yearly D. their

Question 30. I would like to facilitate them upon the will they have shown in taking advantage of the opportunity offered.

A. facilitate B. will C. advantage D. offered

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.

Question 31.It’s possible that Joanna didn’t receive my message.

A. Joanna shouldn’t have received my message.

B. Joanna needn’t have received my message.

C. Joanna mightn’t have received my message.

D. Joanna can’t have received my message.

Question 32.“It’s a good idea to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.” he said.

A. He denied using Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

B. He suggested using Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

C. He promised to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

D. He refused to use Quizlet for vocabulary learning.

Question 33.She last checked her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

A. She started checking her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

B. She hasn’t checked her Instagram newsfeed for two days.

C. She didn’t check her Instagram newsfeed two days ago.

D. She has checked her Instagram newsfeed for two days.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each the numbered blanks.

With more COVID-19 vaccines getting approved, and more people being vaccinated throughouttheEUMemberStatesandtheSchengenAreaAssociatecountries,the(34) to restore travel for those vaccinated has alsoincreased.

The so-called ‘vaccination passports’ or ‘vaccination certificates’ have gained huge (35)

in the recent weeks, after several of the Member States warned they would start issuing them to their citizens. ( 36) __________, those who are vaccinated against COVID-19 have proof ofit.

TheideaofsuchdocumentshasbeensupportedevenbytheEuropeanCouncil,though the latter insists that right now it is too early to decide for what those certificates could beused.

Previously, the President of the EU Commission Ursula von der Leyen had supported the idea of common vaccination certificates, which can be created by the EU, and issued by the Member Statesto(37) person who gets vaccinated againstCOVID-19.

Following,findalistofallEUandSchengenareacountriesthathavewarnedthattheyeither planonintroducingthesecertificatesorplantopermitrestriction-freeentryforthose(38) hold such documents, as well as those who have only shown support for the certificates sofar.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions .

Plastic is putting a strain on waste management systems, our oceans, and vulnerable communities the world over. A wave of single-use plastic bans is sweeping the country and the globe—most often on plastic bags, straws, stirrers, and takeout clamshells. Some places are going so far as to ban single-use plastics entirely; most notably, India intends to go this route by 2022. Among the U.S. cities to outlaw plastic straws are Malibu, Berkeley, Seattle, and Miami Beach. Plastic bag bans—ideally accompanied by a fee on paper bags—are also catching on. New York State and Hawaii just passed theirs, set to go into effect in 2020, and California’s bag ban, which was passed in 2014, has been shown to have reduced plastic bag usage by 85 percent (with some customers opting to pay a 10 cent fee for thicker plastic bags) and has reduced coastal pollution.

What do the bans accomplish? They prevent millions of tons of plastic from entering the waste stream each year. And when it comes to waste that lasts forever, every ton counts. In New York, 23 billion plastic bags are used by residents each year. Not only does banning single-use plastic reduce pollution, but it also reduces demand for plastic production that’s contributing to global climate change. But beyond these impacts, the bans have cultural effects. Companies are forced to innovate, rethinking their designs and sourcing sustainable materials. And they help shift consumer mind-sets, as people begin to recognize that exorbitant and avoidable waste is not sustainable.

(Adapted from: https://www.nrdc.org/)

Question 39. Which could be the best title for the passage?

A.Waste Management Systems B.New York State and Hawaii just passed their laws.

C.Should We Ban Single-Use Plastics? D.Companies and Sustainable Materials

Question 40.The word “route” in paragraph 1 refers to ______.

A. way B. role C. scene D. hall

Question 41.According to the passage, California’s bag ban ______.

A. will go into effect in 2020 B. has reduced plastic bag usage by 85 percent

C. has increased the use of thicker plastic bags D. has worsened coastal pollution

Question 42.Which of the following is TRUE about single-use plastic ban as stated in the passage?

A. Banning single-use plastic cannot reduce demand for plastic production.

B. It makes New Yorker use 23 billion plastic bags every year.

C. Banning single-use plastic reduces pollution and has cultural effects.

D. It gives companies chances to make more money with sustainable materials.

Question 43.The word “avoidable” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A. available B. acceptable C. reasonable D. preventable

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the answer to each of the question.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Culture is a word in common use with complex meanings, and is derived, like the term broadcasting, from the treatment and care of the soil and of what grows on it. It is directly related to cultivation and the adjectives cultural and cultured are part of the same verbal complex. A person of culture has identifiable attributes, among them a knowledge of and interest in the arts, literature, and music. Yet the word culture does not refer solely to such knowledge and interest nor, indeed, to education. At least from the 19th century onwards, under the influence of anthropologists and sociologists, the word culture has come to be used generally both in the singular and the plural (cultures) to refer to a whole way of life of people, including their customs, laws, conventions, and values.

Distinctions have consequently been drawn between primitive and advanced culture and cultures, between elite and popular culture, between popular and mass culture, and most recently between national and global cultures. Distinctions have been drawn too between culture and civilization; the latter is a word derived not, like culture or agriculture, from the soil, but from the city. The two words are sometimes treated as synonymous. Yet this is misleading. While civilization and barbarism are pitted against each other in what seems to be a perpetual behavioural pattern, the use of the word culture has been strongly influenced by conceptions of evolution in the 19th century and of development in the 20th century. Cultures evolve or develop. They are not static. They have twists and turns. Styles

change. So do fashions. There are cultural processes. What, for example, the word cultured means has changed substantially since the study of classical (that is, Greek and Roman) literature, philosophy, and history ceased in the 20th century to be central to school and university education. No single alternative focus emerged, although with computers has come electronic culture, affecting kinds of study, and most recently digital culture. As cultures express themselves in new forms not everything gets better or more civilized.

The multiplicity of meanings attached to the word made and will make it difficult to define. There is no single, unproblematic definition, although many attempts have been made to establish one. The only non-problematic definitions go back to agricultural meaning (for example, cereal culture or strawberry culture) and medical meaning (for example, bacterial culture or penicillin culture). Since in anthropology and sociology we also acknowledge culture clashes, culture shock, and counter-culture, the range of reference is extremely wide.

Question 44. It can be inferred from the passage that since the 20th century            .

A. classical literature, philosophy, and history have not been taught as core subjects

B. classical literature, philosophy, and history have been considered as core subjects

C. schools and universities have not taught classical literature, philosophy, and history

D. all schools and universities have taught classical literature, philosophy, and history

Question 45. The word “attributes” in paragraph 1 most likely means            .

A. fields      B. qualities      C. skills    D. aspects

Question 46. The word “static” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by “          ”.

A. regular        B. unchanged        C. balanced      D. dense

Question 47. Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?

A. The word culture can be used to refer to a whole way of life of people.

B. The use of the word culture has been changed since the 19th century.

C. Anthropology and sociology have tried to limit the references to cuture.

D. Distinctions have been drawn between culture and civilization

Question 48. It is difficult to give the definitions of the word culture EXCEPT for its ______.

A. agricultural and medical meanings B. philosophical and historical meanings

C. historical and figurative meanings D. sociological and anthropological meanings

Question 49. Which of the following is NOTTRUE about the word culture?

A. It differs from the word civilization. B. It evolves from agriculture.

C. Its use has been considerably changed. D. It is a word that cannot be defined.

Question 50. The passage mainly discusses_______

A. the distinction between culture and civilization B. the figurative meanings of the word culture

C. the derivatives of the word culture D. the multiplicity of meanings of the word culture